88 PINACEAE 
terminal, long, almost cylindric. Fertile cones 6 to 10 in. long, 2 in. 
thick. Scales large with a ridge running transversely, a recurved point 
at its center. 
8. P. strobus, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 2.) Wuire Pine. One of the largest 
of the pines. Formerly very common throughout our region. Young trees 
still quite common. Leaves more slender than either of the foregoing 
species, light green, 3 to 5 in. long. Cones cylindric, 3 to 5 in, long, 
without prickles on the scales. 
9. P. sylvestris, L. Scorcn Pine. Cultivated species, at some points 
naturalized in our region. Leaves in 2’s. 
3. PICEA, Link. 
Trees with rough bark, leaves all needle-formed, 1/3 to 2/3 in. long, not 
included in a sheath but each leaf is separately inserted. The spiral 
manner of insertion of the leaves gives the appearance of a cylindric 
brush to the leafy branch, the 4-angled leaves spreading in all directions. 
They are borne upon small woody projections which, when the leaves are 
fallen, give to the branch a rasp-like surface. The cones are oval or 
eylindrie with thin scales, which have none of the ridges or points seen 
upon the scales of pines. Tree cone-shaped, with spiry summit. 
l. P. canadensis, (Mill.) BSP. Wuire Spruce. Cones nodding, 
cylindric, about 2 in. long, with short foot-stalks. Edges of scales not 
notched or toothed. Twigs not downy, whitish-green. N. Y. and north- 
ward. 
2. P. rubra, Link. Rep Spruce. Cones long oval becoming some- 
what acute at apex. Scales only slightly toothed and with striations on 
the surface. Leaves very acute, light green, twigs sparingly downy. In 
our area generally. 
3. P. mariana, (Mill.) BSP. (Fig. 1, pl. 1.) Brack Spruce. Cones 
oval or almost spherical, blunt at apex, without foot-stalk, 1 to 2 in. 
long. Edges of the scales jagged. Twigs downy, brown. 
Var. P. mariana brevifolia, Peck, is a slender tree which on high 
mountains is reduced to a small shrub with leaves + to 4 in. long. Scales 
with irregularly notched tips. Swamps and bogs in the northern part of 
our area. 
4. ‘TSUGA, Carr. 
Trees with slender, very flexible branches with flat leaves, 4 in. long, 
which although actually arranged spirally appear as though in two ranks 
one on each side of the stem. Staminate cones about 1/5 in. long, in the 
axils of the leaves. Ovule bearing cones terminal, 4 in. long. Throughout 
our area. 
T. canadensis, (L.) Carr. (Fig. 2, pl. 1.) Hemtiock. A large forest 
tree, with flat leaves and reddish-brown cones about 4 in. long. Through- 
out our area. 
5. ABIES, Juss. 
Trees with smooth bark on which are found “balsam blisters.” These 
trees assume a beautiful pyramidal form and are the most ornamental 
of the coniferae of our region. The leaves are flat, scattered, longer than 
those of the spruces and of a rich, dark green color. Fertile cones cy- 
lindrie. 
1. A. balsamea, (L.) Mill. (Fig. 3, pl. 1.) Sinere Barsam Fir, 
