BIRCH FAMILY 185 
8. B. pumila, L. Low Bircn. Shrub, 2 to 15 ft. high. Young twigs 
and leaves quite downy; leaves pear-shaped, or round, serrations coarse, 
single and regular. In bogs. 
9. B. glandulosa, Michx. (Fig. 4, pl. 27.) Dwarr Bircn. A pros- 
trate or erect shrubby plant, 1 to 2 ft. high. On elevations of White 
Mountains, 4 to 6 inches. Leaves orbicular or somewhat egg-shaped. 
Smooth and dark green both sides. Branchlets dotted with glands. Found 
on high mountains in New York, Maine, New Hampshire, ete. 
5. ALNUS, Gaertn. 
Small trees or shrubs. Like the birches, the catkins of the staminate 
flowers are Jong and pendulous, while those of the pistillate flowers are 
erect, both kinds expand before or with the leaves. The bark is dark 
brown, in old trees grayish. Leaves alternate, egg-shaped, toothed, dark 
green. 
Flowers appearing with the leaves. 
IGASS “GOR Ginga Ua els Eoegoemei ce olga SS co Sa lowes 6 oe7h Seow) 
Twigs downy. p 
Weavesmbluntytatm both ends <4) es icii teen mtenEsL rte utc An aOLILS 
Flowers appearing before the leaves. : 
ieaAvesmbLoadest sate DaScwers fe)! goo 1s) ie tele ie) CRE Ton ts) Wal teumtyecarc 
eaves broadest wate outer-half 9 < i % ya teehee sl dete ose (Aas nugosa 
Leaves acute at both ends . . . «© « « « « « A. Noveboracensis 
1. A. crispa, Pursh. (Fig. 5, pl. 27.) GREEN on MouNnTAIN ALDER. 
(A. Alnobetula, Koch.?). Low shrub, 2 to 8 ft. high. Leaves oval or 
egg-shaped, when young more or less downy, teeth small and regular, in 
single series, when older the upper surface dark green and lower light 
green with pubescence on veins. Leaves and catkins expand together. 
On high mountains and along cold streams. New York and New Eng- 
land and southward. 
2. A. mollis, Fernald. Hatry Green Axper. More downy than No. 
1, the under surface of leaves often densely hairy. Otherwise in general 
similar to No. 1. New York, westward and northward. May-June. 
3. A. incana, Willd. Specktep or Hoary Axper. Shrub, or small 
tree, 8 to 25 ft. high. Leaves more broadly oval than No. 1, dentation 
generally double, dark green above, whitish beneath. Borders of streams 
and swamps. 
4. A. rugosa, Koch. (Fig. 6, pl. 27.) Smoora Atper. (A. ser- 
rulata, Willd.). Shrub or tree reaching height of 30 ft. or more. Leaves 
tapering at base, broad at upper third and rounded at apex, serrations 
double, deep green above and below. Forms thick masses of growth along 
streams or in wet soil. 
5. A. Noveboracensis, Britton. New York Atper. Shrub or small 
tree. Young twigs and leaf-stalks densely downy. Leaves oblong to 
pear-shaped, acute at both ends, 43 in. long or less, sharply and irregu- 
larly toothed, densely downy on the veins beneath. Woods and thickets 
near the coast, southeastern New York. 
Famity I].—FAGACEAE. Tur Beecu FAMILY 
Trees and shrubs with alternate leaves and with small flowers, 
