580 RUBIACEAE 
long. The bracts, linear, extending much beyond the flowers. Waste 
places, introduced from Western States. May-Oct. 
8. P. virginica, L. (Fig. 2. pl. 149.) Wire Dwarr PLANTAIN. 
Leaves spatula-formed or pear-shaped, the whole plant covered with hairs. 
Scape 1 to 18 in. high; flowers in a dense cylindric spike or the lower 
flowers somewhat scattered. Dry soil, Connecticut and southward. March- 
July. 
9. P. elongata, Pursh. (Fig. 8, pl. 149.) St tenpeR PLANTAIN. 
Leaves thread-like. Spikes very slender. Stamens not extending beyond 
the flowers. Dry sandy soil, New York and southward, April-Aug. 
10. P. heterophylla, Nutt. (Fig. 9, pl. 149.) Many-sEEDED PLAN- 
TAIN. Leaves lance-shaped, grass-like, but borders more or less lobed (like 
those of dandelion) or with low teeth. Spike of flowers more or less in- 
terrupted. Capsule 10- to 24-seeded. Wet places, New Jersey and south- 
ward. April-July. 
z. LITTORELLA, L. 
A low, succulent herb, with linear leaves, all from the base and solitary, 
membraneous flowers terminal to scapes shorter than the leaves. Flowers 
of 2 kinds, those bearing stamens and those with pistils. In the former 
the stamens extend conspicuously beyond the throat of the flower. Calyx 
4-toothed; corolla 4-lobed. 
L. uniflora, L. (Fig. 13, pl. 149.) Snore Grass. Growing in tufts, 
leaves linear 1 to 3 in. long. Scape half as long as leaves. Borders of 
lakes and ponds, Maine and Vermont. July-Aug. 
Order VIII.—RUBIALES. The Madder Order 
Corolla of united petals; leaves opposite. Calyx adherent to 
the ovary, the calyx borders of lobes or teeth partly or completely 
above the ovary. Stamens fixed upon the corolla, as many as its 
lobes and alternate with them (in Linnea 1 less than the lobes) 
or stamens double the number of the lobes. Anthers separate; 
ovary more than one-celled with usually more than one seed in 
each cell. The order includes 2 families in our area. They are, 
Rubiaceae and Caprifoliaceae. 
Famity I— RUBIACEAE. Mapper Famity 
Herbs, shrubs, trees; but in our area, with the exception of a 
single shrub, all small and slender herbs. All have opposite leaves 
which are said to be stipulate, yet in many cases the stipules are 
not easy to detect. Flowers perfect and nearly symmetrical. 
Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, its teeth or lobes varying. Co- 
rolla of united petals of various shapes. Stamens as many as the 
lobes of the corolla and alternate with them. Anthers free from 
