MADDER FAMILY 585 
; 6. GALIUM, L. 
Slender herbs, with 4-angled stems, generally branching and often lean- 
ing on other herbs, with leaves in whorls and with small flowers mostly in 
terminal or axillary more or less umbel-like clusters, Calyx teeth absent. 
Corolla mostly 4-parted, star-shaped, with a short tube. Stamens usually 
4, exceptionally 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit double from the same pedicel. 
Blowerservellowaeemucamacr  imter ves fe 6. tel eh de. (eomieittelitiat ve) teu pe UNG RVers 
Flowers purple. ; 
lkba: Dia? co alo. BON Guetta BO LEOR MIC. CR RCuMeDe eri fits Ie on con Crpe ITT 
PiGinic Sieua Goes” ENC R Goin Dec oe LO weCO Cnr nemen, (GNU? 
Flowers white or greenish, 
Leaves in 4s. ‘ y 
Fruit a dry, smooth, double berry . . . . « « «© G. tinctorium 
Fruit a smooth, double berry, fleshy . . .«. .« © «© G. hispidulum 
Fruit covered with hooked hairs. 
Leaves lance-shaped. 
Blowerssifew 45 =.) s ss «5 «© © Ge fanccolanwm 
Flowers very mumerous . . . . « « « G. boreale 
Leaves oval or nearly round, 
Corollas hairy tes oe elec ee es) deh Fo - G. circaezans 
Corollagnot hairy. =) uve) eel este 6 kamtschaticum 
Leaves in 4s or 6s. 
Fruit covered with hooked hairs . . . . -. +« « «+ G. asprellum 
Fruit smooth. 
Corolla 3-parted. 4 
Leaves mostly in 4s . ~ « « te Go trindum 
Leaves mostly more than ‘4 in a whorl, : 
Stem armed with hooks . . . . -_ G. Claytoni 
stem) smooth) = = 2 <3 ns G. concinnum 
Leaves) in) 2s) to Gs.- 2-2) -) = 6) = 3 1 « G., palustre 
Weavesalways im GS se) 6!) os) pel ctor) Nel eel GpurtiaiOrterD 
Leaves in 6s to 8s, 
Fruit smooth. 
Branches and pedicels widely spreading . .. . G. Mollugo 
Branches and- pedicels ascending . . ... © erectum 
Fruit with strong hooked haute aT Cre CLI oe ae ALS é Aparine 
Praiteoranudlar ss ey - G. tricorne 
1. G. verum, L. (Fig.1, pl 151.) YELLow Bepstraw. Erect, stem 
4 to 23 ft. high, smooth. Leaves in 6s or 8s, narrow linear. Flowers 
yellow in dense clusters at upper part of stem. Naturalized. In waste 
places and fields. May-Sept. 
2. G. Mollugo, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 151.) Witp Mapper. Plant with- 
out hairs or nearly so. Stem 1 to 3 ft. long. Leaves in 6s or 8s, narrow, 
linear, with a bristle point at apex. Flowers white, small, numerous. 
Fruit smooth. Fields and waste places. Naturalized. May-Sept. 
3. G. erectum, Huds. Erecr Bepstraw. Similar to No. 2, but more 
generally erect, the stems numerous. Flowers fewer and generally larger 
than those of the preceding species, the branches ascending. Connecticut, 
Vermont, and northward. 
4. G,. tricorne, Stokes. (Fig. 4, pl. 151.) RouGgH-rruiTepD Corn Bep- 
sTrRAw. Stout, partly prostrate or erect, whole plant rough with hooked 
hairs. Leaves linear lance-shaped, in 6s or 8s, rough on the margins. 
Flower stems arising in the leaf axils and shorter than the leaves and 
usually about 1- to 3-flowered. Fruit rather rough from granular ele- 
vations. Waste places. Naturalized. May-Aug. 
5. G. Aparine, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 151.) Creavers. Plant armed with 
strong, hooked hairs, stem 2 to 5 ft. long, weak, procumbent. Leaves in 
6s, 7s or 8s, linear or obversely lance-shaped. Flower stems from the 
