602 DIPSACACEAE 
form, upper lance-shaped, toothed at margins, the pairs of leaves on upper 
part of stem often joined around it. Flower clusters small, 4 to } in. in 
diameter. Flowers white. Fruit narrowly ovate with 4 angles. Moist 
soil, New York, southward and westward. May-July. 
4. V. Woodsiana, (T. and G.) Walp. (Fig. 4, pl. 158.) Woop’s 
Corn Saab. Plant sometimes 3 ft. high, smooth. Lower leaves spatula- 
formed, upper lance-shaped or narrowly oblong, usually toothed at mar- 
gins. Flower heads 34 in. broad. Fruit nearly globular. Moist soil. 
Southern part of our area. May-July. 
Famity II.—DIPSACACEAE. TrAseL FAMILY. 
Herbs with opposite or sometimes whorled leaves, without 
stipules. Flowers in dense elongated heads from an elongated 
receptacle, the heads subtended by bracts, very conspicuous in 
Dipsacus, but resembling calyx segments in Scabiosa. Calyx ad- 
herent to the ovary, its border cup-shaped or divided into spread- 
ing bristles. Corolla tube enlarged at throat, the border 2 to 5 
lobed. Stamens 4, alternate with the corolla lobes. Ovary below 
the calyx border, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Fruit a dry hard shell includ- 
ing 1 seed. 
Bracts below the flower head as long as or longer than the 
Hower head -S- . 2: : . . .  Dipsacus 
Bracts below the flower head shorter than the flower head. 
Receptacle mot chaffy . . « » « «= 5 3° igo 
Receptacle: chaity ~~ 0 25 (= a ee 
1. DIPSACUS, L. 
Herbs, stout, tall, prickly. Leaves opposite, large, dentate or lobed. 
Flowers in heads about the size and shape of a hen’s egg, the head arising 
above an involucre of long linear prickly bracts which rise around the 
head nearly to the level of its summit. Flowers lilac, each surrounded at 
its base by a prickly scale (an involucel). Stamens 4. The two species 
found in our area have been introduced from Europe, largely originating 
about woolen mills. The ripe teasel heads are, in Europe, used in the 
process of “ carding ” wool. 
1. D. sylvestris, Huds. (Fig. 7, pl. 158.) Witp Teaser. Stem 
erect, stiff, 3 to 6 ft. high, with many prickles. Leaves without leaf- 
stalks, the lower oblong, sometimes lobed, 8 to 12 in. long, the upper lance- 
shaped, united about the stem. Bracts longer than the flower heads. 
Waste places. July-Sept. 
2. D. lacinatus, L. Cur-Leavep TraseL. Leaves once or twice 
feather-compound. Established at Albany, N. Y. (C. H. Peck.) 
2. KNAUTIA, L. 
Herbs with opposite leaves and flowers in dense heads, subtended by a 
several-bracted involucre, the flowers arising from a flattened receptacle 
