616 CICHORIACEAE 
flowers on long flower-stems. Involucre a single row of bracts which open 
in the morning and close toward noon. Plumose aigrette radiating from a 
“beak ” or column. 
1. T. pratensis, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 161.) YeELLow Goats-BEarD. Mrapow 
Sausiry. Outer rays longer than the bracts of the involucre. Stem 14 
to 3 ft. high. Fields and meadows, New Jersey and northward. June- 
Oct. 
2. T. porrifolius, L. Oyster Prant. Purpie Sausiry. Rays of the 
purple flowers much shorter than the slender, tapering bracts of the 
involucre. Leaves linear, broader toward base. Stem 2 to 4 ft. high. 
Fields and meadows, escaped from gardens. June-Oct. 
9. TARAXACUM, Hall. 
Perennial herb, the leaves all basal, lance-shaped, deeply lobed. Flower 
scape hollow, bearing a single head of many yellow flowers. Involucre 
double, an inner series nearly equal and an outer of many unequal but 
shorter bracts. Receptacle flat, naked. YTruit nearly linear, rough, sud- 
denly terminating in a long beak or column from which radiates the 
aigrette of thread-like bristles. 
1. T. officinale, Weber. (Fig. 1, pl. 162.) DANpDELION. (7. Tarazxa- 
cum, (L.) Karst.) Found in fields, lawns and waste places. After the 
blooming the greenish-brown fruits with their aigrettes of pappus expand 
into a delicate white globe, which is broken and distributed by the wind 
when not eaten by birds. Blooms from early spring to late autumn. 
2. T. erythrospermum, Andrz. (Fig. 2, pl. 162.) Rep-srepep Dan- 
DELION. Resembles the last, but leaves narrower and lobes extend to mid- 
rib. Fruit bright red or red brown. Locations similar to those of No. 1. 
to. SONCHUS, L. 
Coarse weeds with leafy stems and diffuse clusters of yellow flowers. 
Leaves alternate, mostly clasping the stem by broad ear-like appendages 
at base, lobed, margins prickly. Involucre egg-shaped or bell-shaped, its 
bracts of several overlapping series. Receptacle, flat, naked. Fruit ob- 
long, oval or linear, ribbed, rough. The aigrette of soft white silky 
threads without a beak or column. 
1. S. arvensis, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 163.) Corn Sow-TuistLE. Plant 2 
to 4 ft. high. Lower leaves often a ft. long, narrowed into short leaf- 
stalks. Flower stems and involucre hairy. Low grounds, roadsides, ete. 
July-Oct. 
2. §. oleraceus, L. (Figs. 1 and 2, pl. 163.) ANNUAL Sow-THISTLE. 
Stem 1 to 10 ft. high. Basal leaves on long leaf-stalks, expanding into a 
deeply-lobed blade terminated by a broad triangular segment. The ear- 
like appendages with sharp angles. IJnvolucre not hairy. Fields and waste 
places. May-Nov. 
3. S. asper, (L.) All. (Fig. 3, pl. 163.) SHARp-rRINGED Sow- 
THISTLE. Leaves spiny toothed; ear-like appendages at base of leaves 
rounded. Involucre not hairy. Waste places, most of our area, May- 
Nov. 
