672 COMPOSITAE 
177 DOELLINGERIA, Nees. 
Perennial herbs resembling the Asters. Basal leaves none, and those of 
lower part of stem reduced to scales. Upper leaves in our species broad- 
or narrow-lance-shaped with margins entire. Heads in broad rather flat 
clusters, conspicuous, with white rays, which are pistillate. Florets of the 
disk white to greenish, with both stamens and pistils. Involucre cup- or 
saucer-shaped, of several series of closely laid overlapping bracts. Aig- 
rette of 2 rows of bristles 
1. D. umbellata, (Mill.) Nees. (Fig. 1, pl. 186.) FrLat-rop WHITE 
ASTER. (Aster umbellatus, Mill.) Stem smooth or somewhat downy at 
top, 2 to 7 ft. high, leafy to the branching summit. Leaves lance-shaped, 
narrow, taper-pointed, 3 to 6 in. long. Heads numerous in a flat cluster. 
Rays 10 to 15. Moist thickets. Common. July-Oct. 
2. D. humilis, (Willd:) Britton. Broap-LEAvep WHITE Aster. (As- 
ter umbellatus, Var. latifolius, Gray.) Leaves broader than those of the 
preceding species, egg-shaped to broad lance-shaped, 1 to 3 in. long. Moist 
thickets, southern New Jersey and Penna. July-Sept. 
3. D.infirma, (Michx.) Greene. (Fig. 2, pl. 186.) CORNEL-LEAVED 
AsTEeR. (Aster informus, Michx.) Stem often more or less zig-zag, 1 to 
3 ft. high. Leaves inversely egg-shaped or oblong. Heads few or several, 
Open woods, Mass., New York and southward. <Aug.-Sept. 
18. IONACTIS, Greene 
Aigrette of fruit not distinctly double; scales of involucre without her- 
baceous tips. Otherwise mostly resembling the Asters; rays violet, bear- 
ing pistils only. 
I. linariifolius, (L.) Greene. (Fig. 4, pl. 182.) Srirr-teavep As- 
TER. (Aster linariifolius, L.) Stems tufted, several springing from a 
common root, 3 to 20 in. high. Leaves linear, rigid, about 1 in, long, 
rough above, passing to stiff scales. Heads solitary at the ends of the 
branches, about 1 in. broad. Rays 10 to 15, violet. A handsome plant 
with rich violet ray flowers. Dry soil, throughout our range. July-Oct. 
19. BACCHARIS, L. 
Shrubs with smooth stems and leaves and with white or yellow flowers, 
our species found in salt marshes. Flowers dioecious, i. e., with pistillate 
flowers on one plant and staminate on another. Flowers all tubular. 
B. halmifolia, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 186.) Grounpsen Busu. A branching, 
smooth shrub, 3 to 10 ft. high, found in salt marshes, with thick wedge- 
formed leaves very coarsely toothed or somewhat lobed or less frequently 
with entire margins, Heads in long, somewhat compact clusters, those 
with pistillate flowers conspicuous later in the season by the long white 
plumes. Sept.-Nov. 
20. GIFOLA, Cass. 
White, woolly herb, with alternate scale-like leaves and small woolly 
heads grouped in compact rounded clusters. Involucre small; receptacle 
elongated, top-shaped or cylindric. Outer florets pistillate, without ai- 
grette; inner flowers crowned with an aigrette of stiff bristles. 
