678 COMPOSITAE 
lapping, in several series. Receptacle flat, chaffy, the chaff subtending the 
ray flowers. 
1. §. perfoliatum, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 188.) Cup Prant. Stem square, 
stout, branched above, 4 to 8 ft. high. Leaves opposite, the upper united 
by their bases, the lower contracted to margined leaf-stalks, egg-shaped, 
coarsely toothed, 6 to 15 in. long, 4 to 8 wide. Heads numerous, 2 to 3 
in. broad, with 20 to 30 yellow rays. July-Sept. 
2. §. trifoliatum, L. WuHortep Rosin-weep. Stem 4 to 7 ft. high, . 
branched at the top. Leaves lance-shaped, toward the middle of the stem 
in whorls of 3 or 4, usually with quite short leaf-stalks. Heads several, 
often numerous, 14 to 2 in. broad. Rays 15 to 20. Woods, dry plains, 
Penna., westward and northward, July-Sept. 
28. HELIOPSIS, Pers. 
Perennial herbs with opposite leaves and large showy heads with yellow 
disk and ray flowers. Leaves on leaf-stalks, 3-ribbed. Heads on rather 
long flower stems, terminal or axillary; involucre of 2 or 3 series of seales, 
nearly equal, the outer leaf-like; receptacle convex or conic, chaffy. Ray 
flowers bearing pistils, and producing fruit, disk flowers with stamens and 
pistils. 
1. H. helianthoides, (L.) BSP. (Fig. 7, pl. 188.) Fatse Sun- 
FLOWER. Stem 2 to 5 ft. high, nearly smooth. Leaves opposite or occas- 
ionally in 3s, lance-shaped to egg-shaped on moderately long or on short 
leaf-stalks, 3 to 6 in. long. Heads about 2 in. broad, on long flower stems; 
rays linear, showy. Involucre scales oblong, or linear. Open places, 
throughout our range. July-Sept. 
2. H.scabra, Dunal. (Fig. 6, pl. 188.) Rovucn Ox-rye. Rough, at 
least above, especially the leaves. Otherwise similar to the preceding. 
Dry open places, through all but the southern third of our range. June- 
Sept. 
29. ECLIPTA, L. 
A rough branehing herb, annual, with opposite leaves, hairy, with heads 
of flowers terminal or axillary and with small, nearly white, ray flowers. 
Leaves without leaf-stalks. Receptacle flat or convex, chaffly; ray flowers 
bearing pistils and producing fruit; disk flowers bearing both stamens 
and pistils, also fertile. 
E. alba, (L.) Hassk. (Fig. 4, pl. 188.) Ecrrtra. A rough plant 
with a procumbent or erect branching stem 4 to 3 ft. high, and lance- 
shaped leaves with low teeth at the margins, 1 to 5 in. long. Heads on 
very short flower stems, numerous, about 4 in. broad, with short white 
rays. Along streams and in waste places, Naturalized. July-Oct. 
30. RUDBECKIA, L. 
Mostly rough herbs with rigid stems and leaves, the latter alternate 
and showy, terminal heads with conspicuous yellow rays. Leaves, lobed or 
not, the lower on leaf-stalks, the upper without leaf-stalks. Heads with 
many ray flowers; the disk flowers tubular, purple; receptacle conical or 
in form of a column, chaffy. Involuere scales leaf-like in about 2 or more 
series. Ray flowers producing no fruit, disk flowers with stamens and 
pistils, fruit producing. 
