MADDER FAMILY. 173 



"Europe, occasionally planted (but that has no enlarged neutral flowers) : cold 

 moist woods N., with naked buds, large round-ovate leaves heart-shaped at base 

 and abruptly pointed at the apex, closely serrate, and pinnately many-veined, 

 the veins and netted veinlets prominent underneath and covered, like the stalks 

 and branchlets, with rusty scurf ; cymes showy, very broad, sessile ; fruit not 

 eatable, coral-red turning crimson. 



7. SAMBtrCUS, ELDER. (From Greek name of an ancient musical in- 

 strument, supposed to have been made of Elder stalks.) 



S. Canadensis, Common or Black-berried Elder. Alluvial soil, 

 fence-rows, &c. Stems .woody only towards the base, 5° -6° high, with white 

 pith, 7-11 oblong smooth or smoothish leaflets, the lowermost often 3-parted; 

 flat cymes in early summer, and small black-purple fruit. 



S. pubens, Red-berried E. Rocky woods chiefly N., with more woody 

 stems and warty bark, yellow-brown pith, fewer and more lanceolate leaflets 

 downy underneath, panicle-like or convex cymes, in spring, followed by bright 

 red berries. 



58. RUBIACE-ffil, MADDER FAMILY. 



Like the preceding family, but with stipules between the opposite 

 (or sometimes ternately whorled) entire leaves, or else (in the true 

 Madder Family) the leaves whorled without stipules. An immense 

 family in the tropics, and here represented by several wild and a 

 few commonly cultivated species. (The commonest in choice con- 

 servatories, not here described, are Burchellia Cape'nsis, a shrub 

 with a head of orange-scarlet flowers, the corolla almost club-shaped; 

 Manettia cordifolia, a twiner with ovate somewhat heart- 

 shaped leaves, and long tubular somewhat 4-sided scarlet corollas, 

 or M. BICOLOR, with lanceolate leaves, and corolla red toward the 

 base, yellow toward the summit ; Pentas carnea, with ovate- 

 oblong hairy leaves, and terminal cyme of handsome flowers, with 

 salver-form flesh-colored corolla, hairy in the enlarged throat and 

 5-lobed.) 



I. MADDER FAMILY proper. Leaves in whorls, without 

 sUpules. Ovary 2-celled, forming a small and twin, fleshy or berry- 

 like, or else dry and sometimes bur-like, 2-seeded fruit. Calyx above 

 the ovary obsolete. 



1. RUBIA. Like the next, but the divisions of the corolla and the stamens 5. 



Fruit berry-like. 



2. GALIUM. Flowers small or minute, mostly in clusters, with a wheel-shaped 



4-parted (or sometimes 3-parted) corolla, and as many short stamens. 

 Styles 2. Slender herbs, with square stems, their angles and the edges of the 

 leaves often rough or almost prickly. 



IL CINCHONA FAMILY, &c. Leaves opposite, or some- 

 times in threes or fours, and with stipules. 



§ 1. Only a single ovule and seed in each cell. 



« Low herbs, with narrow funnel-form or salver-form corolla, its lobes (valvule in the 

 bud) and the stamens 4. 



8. DIODIA. Flowers sessile in the axils of the narrow leaves. Stipules sheath- 

 ing, dry, fringed with long bristles. Ovary 2-celled, in fruit splitting into 

 2 hard and dry closed nutlets. 



