COMPOSITE FAMILY. 183 



less leafy. Pappus of many slender and roughish bristles, suiTOunded at baso 

 by a little cup or crown, consisting of many little scales or short stiff bristles 

 more or less united. Heads solitary terminating leafy stems or branches, 

 large and broad. Leaves sessile, coarsely toothed. Root annual. 



36. ASTER. Ray-flowers more or less numerous in one row. Involucre imbricated 



Pappus of very numerous slender I'oughish bristles ; no cup or crown of 

 short bristles outside. Heads usually panicled or corymbed. Root usuallj 

 perennial. 



37. ERIGERON. Ray-flowers numerous, narrow, and commonly occupying more 



than one row. Involucre more simple than in Aster, the scales narrower, 

 appressed, mostly of equal length and occupying only one or two rows, with- 

 out any leaf-like tips ; and the pappus more scanty, often some minute short 

 and sometimes chaff-like bristles at the base of the long ones. 



* * Pappus not of long, hair-like bristles, either a Utile cup or crown, or of a feu 

 scales, teeth, awns, tj-c, or none at all. 



■*- No chaff on the recejitacle among the flowers, except in 41- 43 and some cultivated 

 and altered forms of 44. Leaves mostly alternate. 



-M- Akenesflat : rays pistillate, not yellow, at least in our, species. 



38. BOLTONIA. Flowers resembling those of 36 and 37. Receptacle conical or 



hemispherical. Akenes very flat, obovate or obcordate with a callous margin 

 or wing: pappus of several minute and short bristles, and commonly 2 or 8 

 short awns. Leafy-stemmed, tall, branching herbs, with pale-green thickish 

 and chiefly entire leaves often turned edgewise. 



39. BRACHYCOME. Flowers like those of 36'or 37. Receptacle conical. Akenes 



flat, wingless : pappus a ring of miimte short bristles or narrow scales united 

 into a short crown. 



40. BELLIS. Heads with numerous white, reddish, or purple rays. Receptacle 



high conical. Akenes flat, obovate, wingless: no pappus. Low herbs, with 

 solitary peduncled heads, and entire or merely toothed leaves. 



41. ACHILCEA. Heads mostly with few and white (rarely rose-red or yellow) 



rays. Receptacle small, flattish, chaft'y. Akenes oblong, margined: no 

 pappus. 



++ ++ Akenes not flat, nor boat-shaped : pappus a short crown or none : rays pislillaU 

 and fertile except in 42. 



42. MARUTA. Rays neutral, white; otherwise almost exactly as in the next. 



43. ANTHEMIS. Rays pistillate and fertile, numerous, white or sometimes yellow. 



Involucre of many small close-pressed scales. Receptacle conical, with soma 

 slender chaff", at feast at the centre. Akenes terete, mostly ribbed. Leaves 

 once to thrice pinnatelv divided. 



44. CHRYSANTHEMUM, including LEUCANTHEMUM and PYRETHRUM. 



Rays pistillate and fertile, numerous. Receptacle convex or flat, without 

 chaff, except in some double-flowered varieties. Disk-flowers mostly with a 

 flattened tube. Pappus none. Otherwise nearly as in Anthemis. 



•M- -w- ++ Akenes top-shaped or oblong, not flattened nor iiicurved: pappus of 5-10 

 conspicuous thin chaffy scales with midrib more or less extended into a bristle 

 or awn : rays in one row, not very numerous, wedge-shaped, 3 - b-cleft or lobed, 

 yellow or partly reddish or brownish-pwpte, never white: involucre of separate 

 scales.. 



45. HELENIUM. Rays pistillate. Involucre of a few small and narrow spreading 



or reflexed scales. Receptacle globular or conical. Heads mostly corymbed. 

 (Akene and pappus. Lessons, p. 130, fig. 294.) 



46. GAILLARDIA. Rays neutral, often partycolored. Involucre of two or mora 



rows of loose leafy-tipped scales. Receptacle convex. Disk-flowers often 

 purple : the styles with very slender hispid branches. Heads solitary on slen- 

 der terminal peduncles. 



++ ++ ++ ++ Akenes short, not incurved, covered with extremely long soft-silky hairt 

 {which must not be confounded vnth pappus), hiding the minute pappus of many 

 delicate Utile scales : rays numerous in one row, neutral, yellow with dark- 

 colored spot at base, nearly entire : involucre of 2 or & rows of short scalet 

 united in a cup. 



47. GAZANIA. Head solitary on a long terminal peduncle, large and showy, the 



ravs expanding only in sunshine or bright daylight. Receptacle flat. Disk- 

 flowers yellow : their style abruptly thickened below the two short branches. 



