96 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION. 



Oq the I5th of July, I cutoff some apple, pear, and chestnut twigs containing eggs, 

 and stuck the ends into a bottle containing water, and set it in a broad, shallow dish 

 also filled with water, the whole remaining out of doors exposed to the weather, what- 

 ever it might be. The young continued to drop out on the water in the dish for a full 

 week, after the date above mentioned. I could breed no Cicadas from branches that 

 were dead and on which the leaves were withered, nor from those that from any cause 

 had fallen to the ground, and this was also the case with Mr, Vincent Bernard, of 

 Kennet Square, Chester County, Pa. After the precise time was known, fresh branches 

 were obtained, and then the young Cicadas were seen coming forth in great numbers 

 by half a dozen observers in this county. As the fruitful eggs were at least a third 

 larger than they were when first deposited, I infer that they require the moisture con- 

 tained in living wood to preserve their vitality. When the proper time arrives and 

 the proper conditions are preserved, they are easily bred, and indeed I have seen them 

 evolve on the palm of my hand. The eyes of the young Cicadas are seen through the 

 egg-skin before it is broken." 



Mr. Riley, in an interesting account of this Cicada in his First Annual Report on 

 Noxious, Beneficial, and Other Insects of Missouri for 1869, has shown that in the 

 Southern States thirteen-year broods of this insect are found. He remarks : "It was 

 my good fortune to observe that besides the seventeen-year broods, the appearance of 

 one of which was recorded as long ago as 1633, there are also thirteen-year broods, 

 and that, though both sometimes occur in the same States, yet, in general terms, the 

 seventeen-year broods may be said to belong to the Northern and the thirteen year 

 broods to the Southern States, the dividing line being about latitude 38°, though in 

 some places the seventeen-year brood extends below this line, while in Illinois the 

 thirteen-year brood runs up considerably beyond it. It was also exceedingly grati- 

 fying to find, four months after I had published this fact, that the same discovery 

 had been made years before by Dr. Smith, though it had never been given to the 

 world." 



Mr. Riley predicts that in southern New England a brood will appear in 1877 and 

 1885. Probably the Plymouth brood, which appeared in 1872, will not appear again 

 for seventeen years, namely, in 1889, the two broods noticed by Riley appearing west 

 of this town. As regards its appearance in Plymouth, Mass., Harris states that it 

 appeared there in 1633. The next date given is 1804, "but, if the exact period of 

 seventeen years had been observed, they should have returned in 1803." 



Mr. B. M. Watson informs me, from his personal observation, that it also appeared 

 in 1838, 1855, and 1872. In Sandwich it appeared in 1787, 1804, and 1821. In Fall 

 River it appeared in 1834, in Hadley in 1818, in Bristol County in 1784, so that, as re- 

 marked by Harris and others, it appears at different years in places not far from each 

 other. Thus, while in Plymouth and Sandwich we may look for its re-appearance 

 in 1839, in Fall River it will come in 1885, or four years earlier. 



There are three species of Cicada in the Northern States, and, in order that they 

 may not be confounded in studying the times of appearance of the different broods of 

 the seventeen-year species, I add a short description of each form, so that they may 

 be readily recognized in the winged and immature states. 



The two larger species are the seventeen-year locust {Cicada septendecim) and the 

 dog-day cicada {C. pruinosa). Fig. 36, copied from Riley's report, gives a good idea 

 of the former species: a represents the pupa, b the same after the adult has escaped 

 through the rent in the back, c the winged fly, d the holes in which the eggs, e, are in- 

 serted. Fig. 36, / represents the larva as soon as hatched. The adult may be known 

 by its rather narrow head, the black body, and bright red veins of the wings. The 

 wings expand from two and a half to three and a quarter inches. 



The pupa is long and narrow, and compared with that of C. pruinosa the head is 

 longer and narrower, the antenn;e considerably longer, the separate joints being 

 longer than those of the dog-day locust. The anterior thighs (femora) are very large 

 and swollen, smaller than in C. pruinosa, though not quite so thick, with the basal 



