THE JUNIPER BARK-BORERS. 



905 



black spots or large dots at the end of some of the galleries, as seen in 

 the engraving. The holes may open out straight through the bark 

 as usual, or sometimes obliquely. The galleries in May are closely 

 packed with the excrement or castings of the worms, which is tan 

 color or the color of the bark, showing that the insects, though sink- 

 ing their galleries a little way into the wood, as proved by the 

 shallow grooves they make in the wood, for the most part burrow 

 through the inner bark, thus loosening it from the wood and causing 

 it to peel off. 



The secondary galleries of the 

 same cell rarely cross each other, 

 unless owing to a knot in the trunk 

 or to other irregularities in thewood ; 

 but, as seen on the right side of the 

 engraving, one may make a turn and 

 directly cross four or five others, or 

 one from an adjacent mine may cross 

 the galleries of another mine. As a 

 rule, however, the mines of the 

 juniper bark-borer are beautifully 

 regular, and the wood very prettily 

 sculptured. 



I have little doubt but that this is 

 the beetle, as it agrees with it in color 

 and size, which I found in consider- 

 able numbers under the bark of the 

 cedar or Thuja occidentalism in north- 

 ern Maine in 1861. The dead cedars 

 were much infested with these bee- 

 tles, while they were not noticed in 

 upright, healthy trees. 



Mr. Warren Knaus states that in 

 Kansas this bark-borer is very de- 

 structive to junipers and arbor vitae. 



Fig. 299. — Mine of the juuiper bark-borer. 



Tliis insect was first noticed in Salina Packard del. 



in the snmmer and fall of 1884, attacking 



the junipers on the grounds of a number of the residents of the city. Thej' were 

 then in great numbers, many trees having been entirely destroyed, and others badly 

 injured. The damage was done entirely by the perfect beetle, no larvae having been 

 observed. The iujury was almost invariably confined to the base of the lateral off- 

 shoots of the branches of the tree, the beetle burrowing under the bark, and eating 

 around the base of the twig, causing its destruction. Every twig from the trunk 

 outward would be attacked, and a few burrows were also observed on the stems or 

 trunks of the trees themselves. No primary gallery of the perfect insect has been 

 found to exceed three-quarters of an inch in length. I have found no secondary or 

 larval galleries. 



Packard, in his "Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees," says he has observed 



