€6 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



the cell has been completed the larva becomes inert, and after a 

 few days' rest changes into a pupa to the tail-end of which the 

 larval skin, split open and freed from the body, remains loosely 

 attached. The pupa, yellow in colour like the larva, turns into 

 a beetle at the end of seven to seventeen days. 



Life-histori/ of Phyllotreta undulata, Kuts. 



In the laboratory the eggs of these beetles soon perish if 

 they become dry, but when kept moist or even when submerged 

 in water they develop and produce living larvae. Under experi- 

 mental conditions when soil is absent, eggs are sometimes laid 

 upon the young central leaves of the plant provided, and it is 

 possible that out of doors the eggs may occasionally i)e deposited 

 amongst the leaf-bases of a bulb when it happens to be deeply 

 sunk in the ground. Althouch it is not possible at present to 

 speak definitely on the subject, there seems good reason to 

 believe that the eggs of imdulata as well as those of nemoriun are 

 generally laid in the ground near turnips and allied plants. 



The larvae, which are white in colour, hatch in six to eleven 

 days, and begin feeding upon the roots of various crucifers. 

 Larvae of all ages have been found amongst the roots of these 

 plants, and there is little doubt that the whole larval life is 

 passed underground. The larval period lasts eighteen to thirty 

 days, being divided into three stages, each of which is terminated 

 by a moulting of the skin. The pupa, snow-white in colour and 

 lying in the earthen cell formed by the larva, changes into a 

 beetle at the end of from eight to seventeen days. 



These two closely-related species, then, although of similar 

 habits in the adult stage, as larvae feed one on the leaves and the 

 other on the roots of their common host-plants ; and it is 

 interesting to speculate whether the numerical preponderance 

 of the root-feeding form may not be owing to the larva's being 

 sheltered from ichneumons and similar parasitic dies, whereas 

 the other when in its leaf-mining stage is exposed to and, as 

 laboratory observations have shown, suffers severely from their 

 attacks. 



Department of Agriculture, 



The University, Leeds. 



NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA OBSERVED IN MACEDONIA, 



1916, 1917. 



By Philip J. Bareaud, R.A.M.C, F.E.S. 



(Concluded from p. C3.) 



Leptosia sinapis. Generally distributed and fairly common, 

 includmg eeveral well-known forms. 1916, first seen, 28 : iii, 

 Balje ; 1917, early April onwards. 



