RHOPALOCERA AT WIESBADEN. 89 



published some eight or ten years ago. I shall mention the 

 Rhopalocera in their usual classified order, not in the order 

 of their occurrence, to avoid repetition in case of double-brooded 

 insects. 



Papilio machaon is double-brooded. The first brood appeared from the 

 l8tb of May, and continued throughout June, being fully a month late; 

 the second brood throughout August. They are generally distributed 

 about the wood-valleys and cultivated fields, but nowhere very abundant. 

 P. podaliriiis is single-brooded, and a good deal scarcer than the last- 

 named, and appeared about a week later. Its increasing I'arity is attributed, 

 and, no doubt rightly, to the destruction of hedges containing sloe, the food- 

 plant of the larva. The imagines I noticed once or twice at the blossoms 

 of the lilac in the gardens skirting the town. 



Aporia cratagi was abundant in the valleys by about June 12th, and 

 was but a short time on the wing. The larvae were common during April 

 and May wherever sloe grew, and I took one web of them on hawthorn. 

 They also feed on the cultivated plum trees, so the butterflies are not con- 

 fined to the woods but are common in the fields, where I noticed them 

 pitched on the corn-stalks in dull weather. 



Pieris hrassicce, rapce and napi, were all abundant and double-brooded. 

 The under sides of the second brood of P. rapcR are of a much brighter 

 yellow tint than those of the spring brood. 



Anthocharis cardamines was fairly common throughout May. I was 

 unable to remark the difference between these and my Clifton specimens of 

 cardamines, mentioned by Mr. J. J. Weir (Entom. xxi. 143), the orange 

 patch not occupying more space on the hinder angle than in English 

 examples. 



Leucophasia sinapis was abundant but rather local, preferring the 

 damper places in the wood-meadows. The first brood began to appear on 

 May 13th, and the second on July 20th. 



Gonopteryx rhamni was abundant about the woods, being seen from 

 July '25th on, the hybernated ones being common in the spring. 



Colias hyale is double-brooded at Wiesbaden, and last year was abun- 

 dant in both broods. The first began to appear at the end of May, and 

 continued throughout June. Insects of the second brood continued 

 common both on the clover-fields and in the meadows and woods throughout 

 August and September. I could detect no radical difference, either in size 

 or markings, between the two broods, but in both, the butterflies varied very 

 considerably in size, breadth of the black margin, and chiefly in the 

 intensity of colour ; there being every intermediate shade between a lively 

 yellow, and white, scarcely perceptibly tinged with yellow. Of Colias edusa 

 I did not see a specimen ; they are said to be as capricious in their appear- 

 ance as with us. 



Argynnis paphia was very abundant. I noticed the first specimen on 

 June 2yth, and they remained on the wing throughuut July and the first 

 half of August. As with us they preferred the bramble blossoms on the 

 outskirts of woods. I did not see the variety valesina. A. adippe appeared 

 on the wing later than any of the other Argynnidse, the first specimen 

 I met with being on July 20th, It was on the wing for about a month, and 

 was not very abundant. They flew along with uglaia and niobe in the 

 flowery valleys lying between the woods. On July 2l8t I had the good 



