SOME ABERRATIONS IN THE GENUS VANESSA. 321 



In Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, xvi., Milliere figures a specimen of 

 Vanessa antiopa of the hygicea form from Moravia : this has the inner 

 yellow costal spot on primaries intact ; there are also some blue 

 submarginal spots, but the yellow border extends to and absorbs 

 the second costal spot ; the secondaries are normal, but the veins 

 are paler. Another variety from Dalmatia, described by Milliere, 

 and one referred to by Tarati (Bull. Ent. Ital., xi., pp. 158, 159), 

 appear to be modifications of hygicsa. Mr. William Werner 

 records this form of V. antiopa from Germany (Entom. xxi. 89) ; 

 and Mr. William Powley {I. c, p. 109) says that he bred it, with an 

 example of the type, in 1883 ; but the locality from whence the 

 larvas were obtained is not indicated. Mr. Leech has several 

 examples of this variety from Germany. The specimen figured 

 has been selected because it exhibits a modification not previously 

 figured. Strecker, in his ' Catalogue of American Macro- 

 Lepidoptera,' notices a specimen, taken in New Jersey, which 

 has the border on the upper surface of primaries black instead of 

 yellow; and Seba (vol. iv., t. 32, figs. 5, 6) represents a variety of 

 V. antiopa, in which there are none of the normal white marks on 

 the costa of j^rimaries above, and the under surface of all the 

 wings is of a uniform dark colour, without any ornamentation. 

 Herbst figures a large specimen with the blue spots of consider- 

 able size (vii., t. 168). 



It would seem that in Canada V. antio2)a is generally known 

 by the common English name of Camberwell beauty; but in 

 America it is designated the " mourning cloak," which name is, 

 Mr, Scudder says, without doubt a translation of the German 

 " trauermantel." With regard to the yellowish border of this 

 species, Thoreau considers this protective. He says : — " The 

 broad buff edge of the Vanessa antiopa's wings harmonizes with 

 the russet ground it flutters over ; and as it stands concealed in 

 the winter, with its wings folded above its back, in a cleft in the 

 rocks, the grey -brown under side of its wings prevents its being 

 distinguished from the rocks themselves." 



Explanation of Plate VIII. 



Fig. 1. — Vanessa urticce, var. 

 <> 2. — V. urticcB, var. ichnusoides, De Selys, Enum. Lep., p. 31. 

 » 3. — V. iirtica;, var. connexa. Bull., P. Z. S., 1881, p. y51. 

 „ 4. — F. antiopa, var. liygiaa (modification), Heyd. Verz. Eur., i., p. 1, 



t. 1 (1779). 

 >» 5. — V. c-album, var. fig. 6, under surface. 

 )i 7. — F. io, var. ? dyophthalmica, Garbini. 

 >» 8. — F. io, var. 



