34 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES. | 
by thus enlarging the end of its body that the worm holds and moves itself about in its . 
cell, its feet being so weak and minute that they are scarcely perceptible and can be 
of little service. It has three pairs of soft conical jointed feet, resembling its an- 
tenn in their size and shape. The first pair is placed on an elevated wrinkle of the 
skin in the suture between the first and second segments of the thorax, more distant 
from each other than are those of the second and third pairs, which are situated on 
the middle of the elevation of the second and third segments. 
Some of the worms enter their pupa state the last of autumn, and others not till 
the following spring. Hence in examining the fallen limbs in the winter, a larva 
may be found in one, a pupa in another. Preparatory to entering its pupa state, the 
larva places a small wad of woody fibers, sometimes intermingled with worm-dust, 
below it, in its burrow, and sometimes another wad above it if the burrow runs far. 
up the limb, thus partitioning off a room one or two inches in length in which to lie 
during its pupa state. The shriveled cast skin of the larva will be found at the upper 
end of this cell, after it has changed to a pupa. 
Usually those insects which undergo a complete metamorphosis, remain at rest, 
lying dormant and motionless during their pupa state. The oak pruner, however, is 
aremarkable exception to this. Whenever its cell is opened it will be seen moving 
from one end of it to the other with quite as much agility as it shows in its larva 
state. The sutures of its abdomen have the same deep transverse grooves as in the 
larve, admitting the same amount of motion to this part of its body that it previously 
had. And lying onits back, it uses the tip of its abdomen as though it were furnished 
with a proleg, the little sharp points with which it is covered being pressed against 
the rough walls of the cell, and the body pushed forward or drawn backward hereby, 
step after step, at the will of the animal. 
The pupa is of much the same size with the larva and of a yellowish white color. 
Its eyes are sometimes white, sometimes blackish brown. The antenna-sheaths arise 
in the notch upon the inner side of the eyes and, passing directly across the surface 
of these organs, extend down along each side of the back above the sheath of the 
fore and middle pairs of legs, then curving inward they pass back to the eye along 
the inner side of the same legs, their ends being placed upon the eye slightly inside 
of their origin. The knees of the hind legs protrude far out ‘from under the upper 
sides of the wing-sheaths forward of their tips, whilst the feet of these legs occupy 
the space between the tips of the wing-sheaths. The back of the abdomen shows a 
‘distinct pale brown stripe along the middle, on each side of which the surface of the 
segments is furnished with numerous small erect sharp points of a dark brown color, 
those on the apical segment being double the length of the others. 
The beetle.—They are usually from 0.50 to 0.55in length and 0.12 broad, of a slender 
cylindrical form, of a dull black color, tinged more or less with brown on the wing- 
covers, more evidently so towards their tips, whilst the antennze are paler brown, and 
the under side and legs chestnut colored, sometimes bright, sometimes dark and 
blackish. The surface is everywhere clothed with shortish prostrate gray hairs, and 
on the wing-covers these are in places more dense, forming small gray spots, and on each 
side of the thorax, in the middle, is a whitish dot, formedin the same manner. Some- 
times also on the base of the thorax, on each side of its middle, a short gray stripe 
formed by these hairs, is very obvious, whilst in other individuals no traces of these 
stripes can be discerned. 
The scutel also is densely covered and gray from these hairs. The surface, above, 
is occupied by numerous coarse round punctures, those on the thorax being of the 
same size with those on the wing-covers, but more crowded, many of them running 
into each other. Towards the tips of the wing-covers these punctures become per- 
ceptibly smaller. 
In at least three-fourths of the fallen limbs no worm is to be found; and an exam- 
ination of them shows that the insect perished at the time the limb was severed, and 
before it had excavated any burrow upward in its center, no perforation being present 
