62 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES. 
engaged in eating them, and from the number of toads in my garden, 
gathered under the trees, I feel confident that they eat multitudes of 
them. . 
The worms at once enter the ground, change to chrysalids several 
inches below the surface, near the trunk of the tree, and there remain 
until the early days of March and April, when the wingless females 
ascend the trees, and the winged males may be seen fluttering about. 
I took pains one spring, in the middle of April, to count the number 
of these moths on my apple trees, fourteen in number, averaging from 
six to seven inches in thickness, besides three elms. They were more 
abundant on the apple trees than on the elms. But on those seventeen 
trees there were counted, adhering mostly to the tarred paper, one thou- 
sand males and two hundred females. The spring of 1875 was coid and 
backward, and few moths were seen before this date. From these data 
we can ascertain approximately the relative numerical proportions 
between the sexes, which seems to approximate five males to one female. 
The species I havereferred tois the spring moth, the Anisopteryx vernata 
of Peck, but not of Harris. A. autumnata is much less abundant 
in the adult condition, and only appears in the autumn. The wings are 
thicker than those of vernata, and the caterpillar has an additional 
pair of prop-legs, though so short as to be useless. I find that most of 
the damage is done by the caterpillars of vernata. On June 15, 1875, 
I collected five hundred and fifty-seven caterpillars from the apple trees 
in my garden. Of these, five hundred and twenty were vernata, and 
twenty-seven were the young of the autumn species. Peck, in his 
account published in 1795, states that vernata does the principal dam- 
age. 
Remedies.—The use of printer’s ink laid on tarred paper is the cheap- 
est, though the ink should be applied every day or two. The use of 
tin troughs of oil surrounding the tree is almost sure to stop the ascent 
of the females, while wooden troughs of oil built around the bottom of 
the trunk is almost equally efficacious. Care and attention, and, above 
all, co-operation among those suffering from these worms will enable us 
to check their ravages. 
9. UNKNOWN MEASURING WORM. 
Feeding on the leaves May 30 and June 1, at Providence, a reddish-green obscurely 
striped larva, much like the canker worm in form and size, but a little stouter. 
10. THE ELM SPAN-WORM. 
Bugonia subsignaria (Hiibner), 
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALNID2E. 
Hatching from the eggs as soon as the leaves unfold and living unobserved for a 
week or two on young shoots in the tree tops, measuring or span worms, resembling 
the twigs of the elm in color, with a large red head, and the terminal ring of the body 
