iv EVROPF.AX BUTTF.RFIJF.S AXD JlfoTlfS. 



separated and raised, or laid flat' to the shaft, at the will of the insect. In some cases these 

 processes are on the lower side of the antennas, and are then called lamellEe. They are, however, 

 more frequently placed on the sides, and have received different names according to their structure. 

 Those antenna; in which the appendages are short and blunt are called dentated (Fig. 20) ; those 

 in which they are longer than broad, and are pointed, are called serrated (Fig. 21); and when they 

 are of regular thicknesses throughout like a comb, they are called pectinated (Fig. 22). The 

 antennae are called plumose when the thread-like appendages are very long and slender, and give 

 them the appearance of the feather of a bird (Fig. 23). The separate joints of the antennse have 

 generally only one filament on each side, but we occasionally jneet with two pectinations on the 

 same joint, and sometimes even at both ends, where they unite closely with the pectination of 

 the next joint, and form with this a single tooth, which can be separated throughout its entire 

 length. It very frequently happens that all these appendages gradually increase in length from 

 the base of the antenna-, and decrease again on approaching the extremity; and thus dentated 

 antennje may pass into serrated, and these, as well as lamellated, into pectinated, and vice vcrsd. 



The antennae have often another special covering, consisting of hair or of adherent or raised 

 scales. When the antennae are clothed with fine hairs they are called ciliated (Fig. 24), and when 

 the hairs are unusually stout, bristly (Fig. 26). We sometimes meet with single hairs only, placed 

 at the extremity of each joint of the antennae, or we find several arranged lengthways, or in 

 clusters (Fig. 25). These hairs are so short and fine in many cases that they cannot be detected 

 without the aid of a strong magnifying power. The above-mentioned processes are also frequently 

 provided with a similar covering; and those of pectinated antenna; have commonly longer or shorter 

 hairs on both sides, which are sometimes so arranged that the ends of the hairs of each pectination 

 touch those of the next. The sexes may often be distinguished by these appendages and their 

 covering, for they are either present in the male only, or more fully developed in the male than in 

 the female. The basal joint of the antenna: has often a conspicuous tuft of hair (Fig. 18), or the 

 antenna is thick at the base, and often clothed with woolly hair, while the longer terminal half is 

 naked. When the insect is at rest, the antenna; lie against the body, or are extended forward. 



The labial palpi are rarely absent, but are often very small, although in some instances they 

 are longer than the head and thorax together (Fig. 13). They are three-jointed, but the two first 

 joints are generally so hidden by their hairy covering that they cannot be distinguished. They 

 rise up more or less abruptly from the head (Fig. 8), and are sometimes curved upwards like a 

 sickle (Fig. 11). Sometimes they stand out horizontally in front, and are then called porrected 

 (Fig. 13) ; and are sometimes curved downwards, or hang down (Figs. 12 and 23). The two first 

 joints are generally densely clothed with hair or scales beneath, which is often visible at one 

 corner in front. The covering is often pressed together on the lower side into a kind of beak, and 

 this is sometimes the ca.se on the upper surface as well. The terminal joint is most frequently 

 naked, though it is sometimes concealed under the hairy covering of the middle joint. It may be 

 club-shaped, rounded, thread-like, or finely-pointed. The comparative length of the two last joints 

 of the palpi is very variable. It has been observed that some Lcpidoptcra, such as the Skippers, 

 sometimes lose one or both of their palpi during life. It is not unlikely that the missing organs 

 may have been torn off in the struggles of the insect to escape from some adhesive flower ; for it is 

 known that Splmigidw and Noctucz often lose a portion of their long spiral tongues in this manner. 



The maxillary palpi are wanting in all the ]\Iacro-Lcpidoptcra, or are completely concealed 

 under the other parts of the mouth, but they are present in many Micro-Lcpidoptcra. They are 

 generally two-jointed, and appear like short threads near or above the tongue. In a few genera of 

 Tiiicina they consist of five or six joints, and are then very peculiar in shape; for they first rise up. 



