xiv EuKOPEAX Butterflies axd JIIoths. 



or some of the limbs may be much thicker than usual, S:c. These excrescences often form regular 

 humps on the back, as in the hump-backed larva of Notodonta Ziczac (PI. 31, Fig. 9, a) ; or fleshy 

 peg-like processes, as in the larva of the Common Dagger Moth (Pi. 32, Fig. 7, a) \ or a pyramidal 

 elevation on one of the last segments, as in that of the Kentish Glory (PI. 27, Fig. i, a). Other 

 larvje have short fleshy spines on the back, arranged in pairs, like that of Lophoptcryx Caindina 

 (PI. T, Fio-. 3, a); or two horizontal projections behind the terminal segment, as in that of 

 HipparcJiia Cine (PI. 12, Fig. i, a), and in most of those of the Satyridce. Other larvEe are 

 furnished with longitudinal rows of hard branching spines on the back and sides, like that of the 

 Camberwell Beauty (PI. 6, Fig. 2, a) ; or with rows of thorn-like, cylindrical, fleshy spines, covered 

 with short hair, like that of the Glanville Fritillary (PL 8, Fig. 5, a) ; or are covered with bud- 

 like prominences, like that of Satuniia Pyri (PI. 27, Fig. 2, a). The larvae of the Sphingidce have 

 a fleshy horn on the last segment but one (see PI. 16, &c.), which is generally curved backwards, 

 and has sometimes a small horny plate behind it. The sides of many larvae are studded beneath 

 with a row of short fleshy filaments, as in that of the Clifden Nonpareil (PI. 41, Fig. 3, a). 



The skin of larva: is either naked or hairy. In the former case it may either be smooth 

 (as in Paiwlis Piiiipcrda, PI. 33, Fig. 8, a) or rough (as in the Eyed Hawk Moth, PI. 19. 

 Fig. 4, a), or furnished with small, separate, and regularly-arranged warty processes, covered with a 

 very fine and scarcely visible down (as in Gortyna Flavago, PI. 34, Fig. 5, a). We class the^e 

 among the naked larva; on account of the fineness of the down. In hairy larva: the body is either 

 thinly covered with soft hairs (as in Eriogaster Laneslris, PI. 29, Fig. 4, a), or with short hair 

 placed close together (as in the Oak Eggar, PL 29, Fig. \,d) or in tufts ; or the hairs stand on 

 large warts, and are arranged either like stars or rays (as in the Jersey Tiger, PI. 23, Fig. 2, a) ; 

 or else they are stiff and long, so that the star-like arrangement is no longer perceptible, at least 

 on the back (as in the Tiger Moth, PI. 23, Fig. 6, a). Other larvae are provided, in addition 

 to the ordinary covering of hair, with truncated tufts of hair on the back (as in Dasychira 

 Fascclina, PL 24, Fig. 4, a), or with long pencils of hair on the back or sides (as in the Vapourer 

 Moth, PL 24, Fig. 2, a). The hairs themselves are either bristly or thread-like, and more rarely 

 lanceolate. In the Processionary larvae they are covered with exceedingly fine recurved hooks, 

 and with small openings, which discharge a fine dust, which causes an inflammatory irritation on 

 the human skin. 



Colour and Pattern of Larvcc. — The colours and patterns of both the naked and hairy larva: are 

 very various. The markings consist of longitudinal lines, or bands of variable breadth ; oblique 

 lines and stripes, which generally converge towards the back ; transverse bands ; large or small 

 spots, &c. There is often a longitudinal line, frequently bordered with darker, running along the 

 middle of the back (the dorsal line or streak) ; and sometimes another line lower down on each 

 side (the sub-dorsal line); or one lower still, near the spiracles ; or else a broader pale streak (the 

 lateral line or streak). The oblique streaks generally run forwards from the back, and more rarely 

 run backwards along the sides. The dorsal line is sometimes double, or divided by a narrow line 

 throughout its length. The various forms of the lateral streak may be compared in the larva: of 

 Hipparcliia Janira (PL 13, Fig. 4, rt), Mamcstra Pisi (PL n. Fig. \0, a), and Panolis Pinipcrda 

 (PL 33, Fig. 8, a). In that of the Poplar Hawk Moth (PL 19, Fig. 3, a) it is combined with 

 oblique streaks on the sides. Other larvae have an angular pattern on the back, sometimes 

 forming open or closed squares, like that of Mamcstra Allntnaaila (PL 37, Fig. 5, a). Others 

 have two parallel stripes on the back of the hinder segments, which often unite behind, forming 

 a mark resembling a horse-shoe, as in the larva: of some of the Yellow Underwings (PL 35, 

 Figs. 3, (7, and 5, a). The larva of the Cinnabar Moth (PL 22, Fig. 13, a) has transverse bands 



