6 European BuTTERfims and Moths. 



2. Aiisoiiia (Hiibn.), {Siniplonia, Freycr). — Upper side as in the last species; under side of 

 hind-wings green, mixed with yellow in variety Espcri (Kirb.), Ausonia (Ochs.), and spotted 

 with white, or in variety Cramcri (Butl.), Bella (Cram.), with silvery white. A double-brooded 

 insect, found from March to June in South Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor. The typical 

 form is found in the Alps and Altai in June and July ; the others are broods of the same species, 

 which are found on level ground, as far north as Paris. They vary from i| to if inches in 

 expanse, the spring brood, Cramerl, being the smallest. The larva resembles that of Belemia, but 

 the streaks are blue. It passes one winter, and sometimes two, in the pupa state. 



3. E. Tagis (Hiibn.). — Smaller than the last, measuring from i inch to \\ inches across, but 

 greatly resembling variety Cramerl. The under side of the hind-wings is more greyish-green, 

 sometimes slightly washed with yellow, and the spots are white, rarely silvery, and never yellowish, 

 nor are the nervures yellowish. Found from February to May in South France, Spain, Corsica, 

 and South Russia. The larva, which feeds on Iberls pliinata in June, is green, with a white 

 stripe on each side, and a bright red one above it. 



*4. E. Cardanniics (Linn.), {Orange Tip). — White, fore-wings with the tip blackish, and a 

 black spot at the end of the cell, the intermediate space bright orange in the male. Hind-wings 

 and tip of fore-wings chequered with green and white beneath. Expands from li to 2 inches. 

 The female is much scarcer and varies more in size than the male. Common throughout Europe 

 and Western Asia from April to June. The larva is green, with a white stripe on each side; 

 it feeds on various cruciferous plants, including the common garden rocket. The butterfly often 

 sits with its wings raised, on the flowers of umbelliferous plants, to which the colouring of the 

 under side perfectly corresponds. The sexes are figured at PI. 4, Fig. 7, a, b. 



5. E. Turrltls (Ochs.), from Italy, has generally been considered a variety of this; but 

 Mr. J. Watson, who has given so much attention to the scales of butterflies, informs me that it 

 has a different plumule. It is smaller, with the black spot of the male on the edge of the 

 orange portion of the fore-wing, instead of distinctly within it. 



6. E. Gruncrl (Herr. Schafi".) differs from Cardanilnes in its smaller size, measuring less than 

 I J, inches across the wings. The white ground-colour is often tinged with yellow, and the inside 

 of the orange spot of the male is bordered by a short dusky line, sometimes broken into two spots. 

 The under side of the hind-wings is green, with yellowish markings and distinct white spots. 

 Inhabits Greece and Turkey. {E. Pyrothoe, Eversm., found in South Russia in April, is about 

 the same size, but may be distinguished from any other white Eitchloe with an orange tip by 

 the hind-wings, which are green beneath, with large white oblong spots. It is very scarce in 

 collections.) 



7. E. Eiiplieno (Esp.) resembles Cardamlnes above, but the male is sulphur-yellow, and the 

 orange spot is bordered within by a black line. The female is white, with a large discoidal spot, 

 and the tip brownish-yellow. Under side of hind-wings yellow, with three distinct green streaks, 

 which are all connected. Expands about i\ inches. Found in April and May in South France, 

 Spain, and Italy, where it is common in waste places. A smaller but closely-allied species {E. 

 Bella, Linn.), with narrower streaks on the under side of the hind-wings, inhabits Algeria and 

 Morocco. The larva of E. Eiipheno is yellow, with a white stripe on each side, bordered above 

 with blue, and separated from a yellow streak below it by a row of black dots. It feeds on 

 Blsctitella dldyma in July. The male butterfly is figured on PI. 4, Fig. 8. 



8. E. Danione (Feisth.), which inhabits Turkey and Greece in March and April, is yellow in 

 the male, with an orange spot, and white in the female ; but may be distinguished from any other 

 species by the under side of the hind-wings, which is mottled irregularly with green and yellow. 



