8 EVROPEAX BCTTF.RFLIES AXD MoTHS. 



and Western Asia, in fields and open woods. In the Arctic regions and the Alps, a brownish 

 variety of the female {Bryonice, Hiibn.) is met with. Some writers consider that this butterfly 

 is a survivor of the Glacial epoch, and that BryonicB represents the form of the species which was 

 then in existence. The larva is dull green, paler on the sides. It lives on rape, &c., in June 

 and September. The under surface of the butterfly is shown on PI. 4, Fig. 5. 



* 5. P. Rapce (Linn.), {Small Cabbage White). — Fore-wings white, with a small brownish spot 

 at the tip, the male with or without a black spot in the middle, and the female with two, and 

 a dash on the inner margin. Hind-wings, above with a black spot on the costa, beneath 

 yellowish. Expands from \\ to 2i inches. It is found throughout the year in gardens in 

 Europe, North Africa, and Northern and Western Asia. Its reported occurrence in West 

 Africa requires confirmation. The larva is dull green, with a yellow stripe on the back, and 

 yellow dots on the sides. It lives on cabbages, &c., in June and September, eating into the 

 heart of the cabbage. This insect has lately been introduced into North America, and is 

 spreading rapidly throughout the United States and Canada. It has already become a very 

 destructive insect ; but what is more remarkable is, that a yellow variety, scarcely known in 

 Europe, has appeared in America, and it will be very interesting to see if it will become 

 the normal American form of the species. Small varieties of P. Rapa, called Mannii (Meyer) 

 and Ergaiie (Geyer), are found in South-Eastern Europe ; the latter has only one black spot in 

 the female, and the under side of the hind-wings is paler yellow than in P. Rapcz, the female 

 butterfly of which is figured, with the larva, at Pi. 4, Fig. 4, a, b. 



* 6. P. Brassicce (Linn.), {Large Cabbage IF////'f).— White, fore-wings with the tip black, the 

 colour extending along more than half the hind margin ; the male wirh a black spot on the 

 costa of the hind-wings, and the female with two on the fore-wings, and a black dash on the 

 inner margin. Hind-wings and tips of fore-wings yellowish beneath, dusted with black. Closely 

 resembles P. RapcB, but considerably larger, generally measuring about 2\ inches across, and 

 with the dark mark at the tip of the fore-wings much larger and darker. Abounds in fields 

 and gardens in Europe, Northern and Western Asia as far as the Himalayas, and North Africa, 

 but does not occur in the extreme north of Europe or Asia. In the Canary Islands it is 

 replaced by a form with very large black spots {P. Cheiranthi, Hiibn.), and the intermediate variety 

 found in Madeira is said to be identical with the North Indian variety Ncpalensis (Gray). This 

 is extremely interesting, because another butterfly, Pyramcis Indica (Herbst.), is found only in 

 the East Indies and the Canaries, but in no intermediate locality. There are several broods of 

 this butterfly throughout the year ; at Gibraltar it appears as early as February. The larva is 

 bluish-green, with yellow streaks, and lives on cabbages in June and September. The pupa is 

 common on walls and palings, and is often surrounded by the little yellow cocoons of an 

 ichneumon fly, which lays its eggs in the body of the larva, which hatch into grubs that 

 feed upon it, and eventually destroy its life. The male butterfly and the larva are represented 

 on PI. 4, Fig. 3, a, b. 



GENUS V. — APORIA (HUBN.). 



Antennae longer and thicker than in Picris, with the club more gradually formed ; veins of 

 the wings very strongly marked. Pupa not pointed. 



* I. A. Crat(Egi (Linn.), {Black-veined White). — Wings white, semi-transparent in the female, 

 with black nervures. Expands from 2\ to 2| inches. Abundant in most parts of Europe and 

 Western Asia, but somewhat uncertain in appearance. Pallas saw them in such numbers in 

 Siberia as to look like snow-flakes. It is a very local insect in the south of England and 



