COLIAS. 9 



Wales, and is not known to occur in Scotland, though not unlikely to be found in the south- 

 east of Ireland. It flies in fields and gardens from May to July; there is but a single brood in 

 the year, which lasts a very short time, the flight being generally quite over within a month 

 after the appearance of the first specimens. The larva is ashy grey, the back black, with two 

 reddish-yellow stripes. It lives from autumn to May on hawthorn, sloe, and various fruit-trees, 

 and is often very destructive to orchards on the Continent, in seasons when it happens to be 

 abundant. The insect is figured in all stages at PI. 4, Fig. 2, a — c. 



GENUS VI. — COLIAS (p'ABR.). 



Middle-sized yellow butterflies, with rounded wings, the black borders of which are often 

 veined or spotted with yellow. Fore-wings with a black spot in the middle on both sides, 

 hind-wings beneath with a whitish central spot surrounded with darker, which has often a small 

 dark spot close by it, forming together a figure of 8. Antennre with a gradually thickened 

 club. The larvse feed on clover and other leguminous plants, and the pupa; have a prominent 

 ridge on the back. 



1. C. Palano (Linn.). — Wings sulphur-yellow in the male, and greenish-white in the female, 

 with a broad unspotted black border ; the fringes rose-colour. Under side greenish, dusted with 

 black on the hind-wings, which have a small white spot in the middle, surrounded with brown. 

 Expands from li to if inches. This species, as well as the closely-allied North American 

 C. PliilodLe (Godt.), have been erroneously reputed British. C. Palcvno is found on moors and 

 mountains in Northern and Central Europe, and Siberia, but is very local, and appears to be 

 absent from South Europe, and the British Islands, and the adjacent parts of the Continent. 

 Its reputed occurrence in Greenland, Iceland, North America, and the Neilgherries requires 

 confirmation, as other species may have been mistaken for it. The northern varieties of Pakeno 

 are paler, with a narrower border, and like most Polar Colias, of a darker green beneath. The 

 butterfly is found in June and July ; and the lar\'a, which is green, with yellow stripes and black 

 dots, feeds on Vaccinium uliginosum in Germany, in May, and on Coi-onilla in Sweden, in 

 August and September. Male figured PI. 5, Fig. i. {C. Hastes, Boisd., variety Werdandi, Zett., 

 is smaller than this, with a narrower and paler black border, composed of confluent spots, which 

 sometimes does not extend beyond the middle of the hind-wings. It is found in Lapland.) 



2. C. Phicoinone (Esp.). — Wings greenish-yellow above in the male, and greenish-white in the 

 female, with the nervures dusted with blackish, and an ill-defined blackish border, spotted with 

 yellow. Fore-wings with a black spot in the middle, and hind-wings with a yellow one. Hind- 

 wings beneath with a whitish spot in the middle, which is broadly surrounded with rose-colour, 

 and is sometimes double. The fringes of all the wings are rose-colour. Expands from i^ to 

 2 inches. Common in the Pyrenees, Alps, and Carpathians in July and August, at an elevation of 

 3,000 fee: and upwards. The larva is dark green, with a white stripe on the sides, spotted with 

 yellow beneath. It lives on vetches in May and June. The butterfly is figured at PI. 5, Fig. 2. 



* 3. C. Hyale (Linn.), {Pale Clouded Yellow). — Wings sulphur-yellow in the male, and greenish- 

 white in the female, with a blackish-brown border spotted with pale yellow, which does not extend 

 fully to the hinder angle of the fore-wings, and is much narrower on the hind-wings. A black 

 spot in the middle of the fore-wings, and a yellow spot on the hind-wings, the latter replaced 

 bes(eath by a double silvery spot, surrounded by two brown lines. Expands from li to 2 inches. 

 This butterfly used to be a great rarity in the south-eastern counties of England, but like C. Editsa 

 it is now extending its range all over the British Isles, along with the increasing cultivation of 

 3 



