lo European Butterflies axd Moths. 



the various kinds of clover on which the larva feeds. It is double-brooded, but is commonest 

 in Central Europe in autumn, though in the south it may be found throughout the year, and 

 has been noticed in Malta as early as March. It is one of the most widely distributed of all 

 butterflies, inhabiting the whole of Central and Southern Europe and Asia, as far as Japan and 

 the Himalayas, and South as well as North Africa. It is generally one of the very commonest 

 autumn butterflies in fields and meadows on the Continent, and its flight is much less rapid than 

 that of Ediisa. The larva, which is green, with yellow longitudinal stripes, may be found in June 

 and July. It is figured, with the butterfly, at PI. 5, Fig. 3, a, b. {C. Ei-ate, Esp., found in South 

 Russia and India, is yellow, with a broad black border to all the wings, which is spotted with 

 yellow in the female.) 



4. C. Clirysothane (Esp.). — Wings yellow above, suffused with orange, with a blackish-brown 

 border, veined with yellow in the male, and spotted with pale yellow in the female. Hind-wings 

 with a reddish-yellow central spot, represented beneath by a double silvery-white spot, surrounded 

 by two brown lines. Extremely local in Austria in July and August. It also inhabits some parts 

 of Western Asia. The C. Clirysotlicme and Mynnidoiic of British authors are only varieties of 

 C. Edusa. 



*5. C. Edusa (Fabr.), {Clouded YcIIo'lo). — Uniform bright orange, with a broad black border, 

 veined with yellow in the male, and spotted with pale yellow in the female. Hind-wings with a 

 reddish-yellow central spot, represented below by a double silvery-white one, surrounded by two 

 brown lines. C. Hclice (Hiibn.) is a white form of the female, a variation which is liable to occur 

 in the females of most of the orange species of Colias. Expands from if to 2\ inches. Its range 

 is co-extensive with that of C. Hyalc, except that it is replaced in South Africa by the closely- 

 allied C. Electra (Linn.). It may be found throughout the year on the Continent, even as early as 

 February at Malta, but is rarely seen in England before August. It is a much commoner insect 

 than C. Hyale in the British Islands, though rarer on the Continent, and is also somewhat irregular 

 in appearance. It was particularly abundant in Britain in 1877, but by no means so elsewhere. 

 The larva is dark green, with a white stripe spotted with yellow on the sides. It is found in June 

 and July on several leguminous plants. The butterfly is found in clover-fields, and its flight, 

 though low, is more rapid than that of almost any other butterfly, so that it is no easy matter to 

 capture it except when resting on a flower. Both sexes are represented, with the larva and pupa, 

 at PI. 5, Fig. 4, a — d. {C. Hccla, Lef, found in Iceland, Lapland, and Greenland, as far north as 

 the Polar expeditions have penetrated, resembles this, but is smaller and duller in colouring, with 

 a long and narrow black spot, instead of a round one, on the fore-wings, and with the hind- 

 wings very dark green beneath. C. Aurorina, Herr. Schaff., van Heldreichi, Stand., found in the 

 mountains of Greece, is another species closely allied to C. Edusa, but much larger, and the male 

 is magnificently shot with purple.) 



6. C. Myi-midone (Esp.). — Closely resembles C. Edusa, but the black border is rather narrower, 

 rarely with orange veins in the male, and the ground colour of the wings above is deep reddish- 

 orange, often suffused with purple. Expands from i^ to l| inches. Ranges from Eastern 

 Germany to the Altai and Himalayas. It is found in meadows in summer and autumn. The 

 larva is green, with a dark-green streak on the back, and light-green streaks on the sides. It is 

 found in March, April, and October, on Cytisus biflonis. 



GENUS VII. — GONEPTERYX (LEACH). 



Wings with no black border, but each with a short broad projection. Antennae short and 

 thick, body very hairy. The common Brimstone Butterfly (*G^. Rhauini, Linn.) is one of the most 



