Vanessa. i 3 



7. V. V-album (VV. V.). — Markings similar to those of PolycJiloros, but the ground colour 

 deeper, and no blue lunules on the borders of the wings. The tip of the fore-wings is black, 

 with a large white triangular spot on the inside. A large white blotch on the costa of the hind- 

 wings, and a row of yellowish spots within their black hind margin. On the under side they 

 are marked with a small white spot in the middle. Expands from 2 to 2j inches. Very local 

 in Eastern Germany and Russia in September. The larva is brown, with ochre-yellow stripes 

 on the back and sides, and yellow spines tipped with black on the head and body. It lives 

 gregariously on aspen in July and August. 



*8. V. C-album (Linn.), (Comma). — Deep fulvous, with dark-brown spots and borders, the 

 latter marked with yellow lunules. Wings beneath brown, more or less varied with greenish, 

 yellowish, and whitish ; hind-wings with a white mark like a C in the middle. All the wings 

 are very strongly dentated, and the longest projection is on the middle of the border of the 

 hind-wings. The inner margin of the fore-wings is concave. Expands from i^ to 2\ inches. 

 Common during most of the summer in Europe, and in Northern and Western Asia, along 

 hedges and the borders of woods. It is a local insect in England and Wales. Many species 

 closely allied to this are found in North America. The larva is brown and spiny, and the 

 back is reddish, yellow in front, and white behind. There are two short spines on the head. 

 It is a solitary feeder, and lives in June and July on elm, hop, gooseberry, currant, &c. 

 The insect is represented in all stages at PI. 7, Fig. 2, a — d. 



9. V. Egca (Cram.), Tnanguluui (Fabr.). — Very similar to the last species, but paler, and 

 with smaller dark spots. The wings are less strongly dentated, and the inner margin of the 

 fore-wings is only slightly concave. The under side of the hind-wings is varied with yellow 

 and violet-grey, and has a small white mark in the middle shaped like an acute angle. Expands 

 from li to 2 inches. Frequents gardens and sunny walls in Europe, south of the Alps; it is 

 also found in Asia Minor and Persia. It appears in April, May, June, and September. The 

 larva is pale blue, with black and yellow transverse stripes on the second segment. The other 

 segments have strong spines. It lives on Parictaria officinalis. 



* 10. V. Cardui (Linn.), {Painted Lady). — Brick-red, with black spots. Fore-wings with the 

 tip and hind margin broadly black, the tip spotted with white. Under side of hind-wings 

 yellowish-grey, marbled with different colours ; a large whitish triangular spot in the centre. 

 A bluish line on the border hardly divided into spots, within which are four black eye- 

 spots in pale rings. Hind margin of fore-wings slightly excavated ; that of hind-wings rounded 

 and dentated. E.xpands from 2 to 2f inches. Common throughout the summer over nearly 

 the whole world, except South America. Frequents waste and weedy places ; I have often 

 met with it on the tops of hills, in company with V. Atalanta. Larva dark grey, with yellow 

 stripes on the back and sides, and with yellow spots ; the spines yellow or grey. It lives 

 singly on nettles, thistles, &c., the leaves of which it spins together, and may be found, like 

 the perfect insect, throughout the summer. Figured in all stages on PI. 7, Fig. 3, a — d. ( f. Ionia, 

 Eversm., placed here in my " Manual of European Butterflies," is omitted, as it is not a 

 European species, but confined to Asia Minor. V. Virginiensis, Drury, is sometimes included 

 among the British butterflies under the name of V. Huntcra, Fabr., or the Scarce Painted Lady. 

 It is very like f. Cavdui, but the black markings are less extensive, and the under side of the 

 hind-wings is reticulated with brown and white, and there are two large eye-spots near the 

 hind margin. It is a common insect in North America, and as it has become naturalised in 

 the Azores and Madeira, and has several times been taken in England, it is not unlikely to 

 become ultimately established in the latter country. The larva feeds on Gnaphalinm obtusifoliuni.) 

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