Argyxx/s. 19 



rust-coloured line on the sidSs ; and yellow spines, whitish at the tips. Found from April to 

 September on violets. The butterfly is figured at PI. 9, Fig. i. 



6. A. A»tatlinsia (Esp.). — The under side of the hind-wings is similar \.o A. Dia, but most 

 of the silvery spots are replaced with yellow, and there is no yellow spot in a black ring towards 

 the base. The marginal line is double, and the marginal spots are shaped like large black arrow- 

 heads, filled with silvery spots behind. The pale central band is composed of whitish spots, 

 dusted with brown, and irregularly dentated ; the next band is replaced by a violet streak, with 

 a faint silvery lustre; and the outer round spots are dark brown. Expands from ij to if inches. 

 Found throughout the Alpine ranges, at a moderate elevation, in June and July ; also in the 

 plains throughout Russia, and the adjacent parts of Eastern Europe. Larva blackish, with 

 darker stripes on the back and sides, and yellow spines, longest on the second segment. Lives 

 in May on Polygomun bistorta. The butterfly is figured at PI. 9, Fig. 2. 



{A. Chariclea, Schneid., from Lapland, Greenland, and Labrador, resembles A. Ainat/iusia, 

 but the dull yellow of the central band and marginal spots is replaced with silvery white. 

 A. Polaris, Boisd., another Polar species, has the under side of the hind-wings ferruginous brown, 

 with white spots and transverse fasciae, and marginal lunules in the form of a T. There is a 

 milk-white spot towards the base. A. Freya, Thunb., is a commoner and more widely-distributed 

 circumpolar species, which differs from Polaris by the dull reddish-brown colour of the under 

 side of the hind-wings. The spot near the base is white, with a black pupil ; and the marginal 

 and central rows of spots are whitish. These three species are always brought from Greenland 

 by our Polar expeditions ; and as they also occur in Lapland and Labrador, are probably 

 to be found in Iceland. Some of them have indeed been recorded from that country ; but 

 although about si.x species of butterflies in all are said by various writers to have been collected 

 there, naturalists who have recently visited Iceland have met with various moths, but have 

 seen no butterflies ; and it is beginning to be seriously doubted whether any species of 

 butterfly is really indigenous to the island.) 



7. A. Thore (Htibn.). — Inner margin of the fore-wings and the basal half of the hind-wings 

 blackish above; hind-wings beneath brownish-yellow, with the yellow spots at the base very small ; 

 the central band is also pale yellow, and does not extend quite across the wing ; the next is 

 represented by an ill-defined violet-grey line, and the small and inconspicuous marginal spots 

 are of the same colour. The round spots are brown, with obscure pale centres. It expands 

 about li inches, and is a local and somewhat scarce in,sect found in Alpine meadows in 

 Switzerland, &c., from May to July. The paler variety, Borcalis (Stand.), inhabits Scandinavia 

 and Northern Asia. (Another circumpolar Argynnis, A. Frigga, Thunb., is very similar to this, 

 but has yellowish or silvery spots at the base of the hind-wings beneath, and a band of yellow or 

 silvery spots across the middle. There are no traces of an outer pale-band, though there is a row 

 of brown spots with whitish centres beyond the central band.) 



8. A. Pales (Linn.). — Hind-wings beneath pale yellow, varied with rust-colour, and often with 

 greenish. Some spots at the base, and in the middle band, silvery, the marginal spots and the 

 intermediate interrupted stripe also silvery. There are two forms of this insect, which used to be 

 considered distinct species. The true Pales is paler above, with finer black markings ; the hind- 

 wings are somewhat angulated, and are more varied with rusty yellow. There is "a female variety 

 of this, A. his (Hiibn.), in which the upper side is dusted with blackish, and the under side of the 

 hind-wings is dusted with greenish. In the second form, Arsilacke (Schneid.), the upper side is 

 brighter coloured, with broader black markings, which often run together. The border of the hind- 

 wings is rounded, and the nnder side is conspicuously mixed with rust-red. The northern variety, 



