22 EuROPEAX Butterflies axd Moths. 



of tlie fore-wings. Expands from 2% to 3 inches. Common in July and August throughout 

 Europe and Western Asia, frequenting open places in and near woods, where it settles on the 

 bramble, and other flowers which grow at a moderate elevation. The insect appears to be scarce 

 in Scotland, and the dark variety Valesina is not common in Northern Europe. In Corsica and 

 Western Asia we find another variety, Anargyra (Staud.), in which the silvery markings of the 

 under side are absent. Larva blackish-brown, with a broad, pale yellow streak on the back, 

 divided and bordered with dusky ; spines very long, especially those on the second segment- 

 It feeds on dog-violet and wild raspberry in May and June. The typical female and the 

 transformations are figured at PI. 9, Fig. 6, a — d. 



17. A. Maia (Cram.). — Hind-wings beneath green, with a marginal silvery streak (sometimes 

 scarcely visible), and two others across the centre. This species is greener fulvous above than 

 A. Paphia, van J'alcsina, which it otherwise much resembles, and two of the nervures of the 

 fore-wings are thickened in the male. The under side of the fore-wings is rose-colour, instead 

 of fulvous, with the costa, tip, and hind margin broadly yellowish-green. Expands from 2\ to 

 3 inches. Inhabits Europe, south of the Alps, and the shores of the Mediterranean and Black 

 Seas. It frequents bushy places in June and July. The larva is purplish-brown, with black 

 transverse marks on the back ; it feeds on heartsease. 



18. A. Laodice (Pall.). — Hind-wings beneath yellowish towards the base, with two short 

 irregular reddish lines, the outer portion varied with greenish and pale iridescent pink ; on this are 

 two rows of obscure greenish spots. The two portions of the wing are divided by a silvery line, 

 broken into irregular spots. Two of the nervures of the fore-wings are thickened on the upper 

 side in the male. The under side has a general resemblance to that of A. Daphne ; but the 

 latter is a smaller insect, and has no silvery line. Expands from 2 to 2\ inches. It inhabits 

 glades in woods in June and July, and is found in Eastern Europe and Northern and Western 

 Asia. The most westerly localities are East Prussia and Livonia. 



GENUS IV. — NEPTIS (FABR.). 



This genus, and the following, contain middle-sized or large butterflies. The few Pluropean 

 species are all of dark colours, and have a white band across all the wings, broken into detached 

 spots on the fore-wings and divided by the nervures on the hind-wings. The under side is tawny 

 or yellowish, mixed with black, with the white markings of the upper side. The margins of the 

 wings are slightly dentated. The larv^ are cylindrical, with excrescences or branching spines on the 

 back. They hybernate when young, and reach their full growth in May. The butterflies appear 

 in woods in June and July, and sometimes settle in damp places and on ordure. Ncptis may be 

 distinguished from Limenitis by its rather long fore-wings, with a short rounded border. The 

 discoidal cell is open behind, and there is a white streak running from the base. The larvae 

 have hump-like excrescences. The species are all very similar, and are either black with white 

 markings, or tawny with black markings. They are very numerous in the East Indies, and a few 

 inhabit other portions of the Old World. 



I. N. Accris (Lep.). — Black, fore-wings with a white basal streak interrupted behind, an 

 interrupted row of large white spots, and a marginal row of small ones. Hind-wings with two 

 white bands, the outer one narrower. Expands from li to 2 inches. Found throughout Asia and 

 South-Eastcrn Europe, as far west as Salzburg, but is local and generally scarce in Europe. It is 

 said to frequent woody slopes and shady river banks. The larva is dark green on the sides, and 

 white and greyish-green on the back. There are two spiny excrescences on each of the 3rd, 



