34 European Butterflies and Moths. 



sometimes with some black spots witliout pupils. Found only in the mountains of the south of 

 France (Basses-Alpes) in July. 



12. E. Epistygne (Hiibn.). — Fore-wings brown, with the discoidal cell more or less filled with 

 yellowish ; marginal band yellowish, with five or six eyes occUated above and below, the three 

 nearest the tip contiguous. Hind-wings with the band fulvous, and marked with five or six small 

 eyes. Under side of fore-wings with the band redder ; hind-wings beneath brown, mixed with 

 whitish, with the eyes very small and scarcely visible. Expands about i^ inches. Found in March 

 and July in the mountains of the south of TVance (Departments of Var and Basses-Alpes). 



13. E. Afcr (Esp.). — Brown, tip of fore-wings paler, a marginal row of black eyes with blue or 

 white pupils placed in yellowish or fulvous rings. There are about si.x; on each wing. The eye 

 nearest the tip is very small, and next to this are two contiguous eyes much nearer the base than 

 any of the others. Underside of fore-wings with the eyes as above; hind-wings beneath with broad 

 whitish veins. Expands about \\ inches. It is found in South Russia, and perhaps also in 

 Dalmatia, in June and July. (The Siberian E. Pannenio, Boeb., which has been said to occur 

 in St}'ria, has also white veins on the under side of the hind-wings beneath ; but it is a very large 

 brown species, with a large black eye bipupilled with white and enclosed in a yellowish ring near 

 the tip of the fore-wings, beneath which, and on the hind-wings, are several smaller eyes with 

 single pupils.) 



14. E. Alanto (W. V.). — Wings above blackish-brown, the fore-wings with a rust-coloured band 

 containing from two to five black dots, and the hind-wings with or without black dots placed in red 

 rings. Under side of fore-wings reddish-brown, with violet-grey margins ; hind-wings beneath 

 marbled with violet-grey, with two dark zigzag lines. Expands from i-|- to if inches. One of the 

 most widely-distributed species. It is common throughout the Alpine ranges above the tree- 

 limit from June to August, and is also common all over Scandinavia and in the Altai. It has 

 never been reputed British, but is not unlikely to inhabit some of the mountain districts in 

 the north of Scotland. {E. Ociius, Eversm., is perhaps a Siberian variety without black spots 

 above.) 



15. E. Tyudarus (Esp.). — Wings above dark brown, with a green lustre; fore-wings with a 

 short rust-coloured band, consisting of rather long spots, with two black eyes near the tip, generally 

 pupilled with white, and sometimes contiguous ; hind-wings with or without three or four eyes 

 surrounded with fulvous. Under side of fore-wings brownish-red, with the tip violet-grey ; hind- 

 wings suffused violet-grey, with some zigzag dark lines. It varies considerably ; the variety 

 Civcodrojinis (Guen.) has no eyes, and the variety Drouiiis (Herr. Schriff) has very large ones. 

 Expands about i j inches. It is one of the commonest butterflies throughout the Alpine ranges in 

 June and July, and likewise occurs on all the mountains of South Europe and Western Asia. 



16. E. Gorge (Esp.). — Dark brown, with a rust-coloured band containing two small eyes near 

 the tip of the fore-wings, and sometimes three on the hind-wings. Under side of fore-wings dark 

 brown, marbled at the tips in the male, or reddish, with brown borders, in the female ; hind-wings 

 beneath marbled with dark brown and whitish, with a dark line, strongly and regularly dentated. 

 The hind-wings of this species are rather long. The variety Eryiiis (Esp.) has no eyes; the variety 

 Triopcs (Spey.) has a third eye on the fore-wings, and the variety Gorgone (Boisd.), found in the 

 Pyrenees, is a little larger, often with more eyes than Gorge ; the male is unicolorous beneath, and 

 the female has the nervures whitish. Expands about i^ inches. Widely distributed in the Alps 

 and Pyrenees in July and August, frequenting rocky places not much below the snow-line. It is 

 somewhat local, and partly owing to this, and partly to the elevation at which it flies, it is not 

 considered one of the commonest species, although sometimes met with abundantly. 



