72 EuROPEAX Butterflies a\'d Moths. 



Livoriiica. The iarva is green or brown, with bhick eyes on the 5th and 6th segments, witli white 

 pupils nearly in the middle, and enclosed in slender yellow rings. The horn is slender, and long 

 and straight. It lives in August and September on vine ; and when the perfect insect does not 

 appear the same autumn, the pupa seldom survives the winter in Central Europe. The moth is 

 figured at PI. 16, Fig. 2. {C. Osyris, Dalm., an African species, which occasionally visits Spain, 

 is a little larger than Cckrio, the markings of the fore-wings are less silvery, and there is a con- 

 tinuous line parallel to the costa running from the middle of the base to the tip, where it joins 

 the usual oblique stripe. On the hind-wings there is a longitudinal black streak near the end of 

 the innermost black stripe. There is a double pink band on the back of the abdomen, and two 

 interrupted black bands on the sides of the first segments.) 



2. C. Alccto (Linn.). — Fore-wings brown, with several black transverse lines, the most distinct 

 running from the middle of the inner margin to the tip. There is a distinct black dot in the 

 middle of the wing. Hind-wings red, blackish at the base and along the hind margin; a pale 

 pinkish-white blotch at the anal angle. The head and body are greenish-brown, with a broad 

 white stripe along each side of the head and thorax, and a black spot on each side at the base of 

 the abdomen. Expands from 2f to 3^ inches. A common East Indian species, the range of which 

 extends to South-Eastern Europe. The moth is found in May. The larva is purplish-brown, 

 dotted with white, and with a broad flesh-coloured streak on the sides, upon which is a row of seven 

 white rings, bordered below with black, and enclosing large spots, black above and flesh-coloured 

 below. It feeds on vine. {C. Boisduvalii, Bugnion, has brown fore-wings, with a green band near 

 the costa running from the base to the tip, where it nearly touches a narrow green streak running 

 from the hind margin to the inner margin ; hind-wings black, with an oval white spot slightly 

 tinged with pink at the anal angle. This species, which has been confounded w^ith C. Alecto under 

 the name of C. Cretica, Boisd., is said to occur in Turkey and Greece. Many closely-allied species 

 occur in the East Indies, and C. Boisduvalii may possibly be identical with one of these.) 



*3. C. Elpenor (Linn.), {ElcpJiaiit Haivk-motli). — Fore-wings olive-green, with the costa, hind 

 margin, and two oblique bands rosy ; hind-wings rosy, with the base black ; body olive-green, with 

 rosy stripes, the abdomen with a black spot on each side at the base. Expands about 2i inches. 

 Common in Europe and Northern and Western Asia in May and June ; in Japan it is replaced by 

 a closely-allied species {C. Lczvisii, Butl.), the larva of which is entirely different. The larva is green 

 or brown, finely streaked with darker; a pale streak on the sides of the front segments, and round 

 black eye-spots on segments 4 to 6, the last two of which enclose a brown lunule bordered with 

 white. The horn is short, broad, and curved. It feeds on willow-herb, bed-straw, fuchsia, and vine 

 from July to September. Figured in all stages at PI. 16, Fig. 3, a — c. 



*4. C. Porcclhis (Linn.), {Small Elephant Hawk-moth). — Fore-wings yellowish, with rosy spots 

 on the costa, and the hind margin broadly rosy. Hind-wings black on the costa, and rosy on the 

 hind margin, with a broad yellowish streak in the middle. Body rosy. Expands about 2 inches. 

 Common in the greater part of Europe and in Northern and Western Asia in May and June, 

 frequenting flowers in gardens, hedges, &c., in the evening. The larva is very similar to that of 

 Elpenor, but has no horn. It feeds on bed-straw in July and August. The moth and larva are 

 figured at PI. 16, Fig. 4, a, b. 



*S. C. Nerii (Linn.), [Oleander Haiuk-moth). — Fore-wings beautiful grass-green, varied with 

 dark green, whitish, pink, and violet stripes and spots ; hind-wings violet-grey, with wavy whitish 

 transverse lines ; abdomen with a white band on the 1st segment. Expands from 4 to 4^ inches. 

 Common throughout Africa and Southern Asia and Europe ; a casual visitor north of the Alps in 

 June, July, and October, and always a great rarity in Central Europe, though occasionally met 



