96 European BuTTMRhUJis and Moths. 



GENUS II. — CALLIGENIA (DUP.). 



Wings more thickly scaled than in Nudaria, and the huid margins less rounded. 

 Antennee of the male strongly ciliated. Wings spread out flat when at rest. The only species, 

 * C. Miniata (Forst.), has ochre-yellow fore-wings, tinged with reddish, the costa and hind margin 

 brick-red, and a black zigzag transverse line beyond the middle, outside which is a row of black 

 spots ; hind-wings tinged with rosy. Expands about i inch. It is common, without being very 

 abundant, in woods throughout Northern and Central Europe and Siberia in June and July. The 

 larva is dull brown, with long black hairs, grey at the ends, and a reddish-brown head. It lives on 

 lichens on trees in May, and when it becomes a pupa the hairs are loosely spun together so as to 

 form a kind of cocoon. The transformations are figured at PI. 22, Fig. 2, a — c. 



GENUS III. — SETINA (SCHRANK). 



Fore-wings rounded behind, and occasionally rectangular at the tips. They are yellow, and 

 generally marked with three transverse rows of black spots, which are often connected, and then 

 form black branching longitudinal lines on the nervures. Occasionally there are only two spots on 

 the costa and inner margin. The antennae of the male are ciliated. Most of the species frequent 

 mountains, and vary according to the height at which they are found. The larvae are short and 

 thick, and hybernate. They live on lichens growing on trees and rocks, and the moths appear 

 from May to August, and mostly fly by day. When at rest they hold their wings considerably 

 e.xpanded, or else flat. 



* I. S. Irrorella (Linn.). — Body black; collar, shoulders, tip of the abdomen, and fore-wings 

 dull yellow, the latter rather thinly scaled, with three rows of black spots, but none at the base ; 

 under side blackish-grey in the middle. Hind-wings paler, often with blackish spots before the tip. 

 Expands from three-quarters to one and a half inches. Common in the greater part of Europe 

 and Asia Minor. It is a local insect in Britain, found in a few localities on the coast. The larva is 

 black, with a row of sulphur-yellow spots on the back, and a narrower one on each side, below which 

 is an interrupted stripe. The moth is figured at PI. 22, Fig. 3. 



2. 6'. Frcyerii (Nick.). — Body and fore-wings as in Irrorella, but the latter with a black dot at 

 the base, and the dots are longer. The fore-wings are thinly scaled, and wholly blackish on the 

 under side. Hind-wings with blackish spots before the hind margin. In the variety Andereggii 

 (Herr. Schaff.) the two front rows of spots are wanting, the nervures are blackish, with branches 

 running out to a point, and the wings are paler yellow. These are probably both Al^jine 

 varieties of Irrorella. 



3. 5. Aurita (Esp.). — Body black, the collar (generally), the shoulders, extremity of the 

 abdomen, and both sides of the wings dull yellow. Fore-wings thickly scaled, with a black dot 

 at the base, and three transverse rows of large black dots ; hind-wings with black dots before the 

 hind margin. Figured at PL 22, Fig. 4. The variety Raiiiosa, Fabr. (Fig. 5), has broad black 

 nervures instead of the two first rows of dots. Expands i\ inches. Common in the Alps; but 

 Ramosa only occurs above the tree-limit. 



4. ^. Kiihkvciiiii (Hiibn.). — Body, antennae, and wings rich yellow; fore-wings thickly scaled, 

 with three transverse rows of black spots, but no basal spot ; hind-wings spotted with black before 

 the hind margin. Varieties occur with blackish antennae, and others with the middle of the thorax 

 and the base of the abdomen blackish. Size oi Aurita. It inhabits the plains of Eastern Europe. 

 The Alpine variety Alpcstris (Zell.) only differs by its larger size and thicker antennae. The larva 



