130 European Butterflies and Moths. 



* 7. L. Qucrais (Linn.), (Oak Rggar). — liind margins scarcely waved ; wings chestnut-brown 

 in the male, and ochre-yellow in the female, with a broad pale yellow transverse band, suffused 

 externally, beyond the middle, and a white spot in the middle of the fore-wings. In the variety 

 Calluna (Palmer) the transverse stripe on the inner margin of the hind-wings is rather curved, 

 and the ground-colour of the male is reddish-grey. Expands from 2\ to 3 inches. Common 

 throughout Europe and Northern and Western Asia in July and August. The male flies very 

 rapidly by day, and can scarcely be captured on the wing, except by "assembling." It is easily 

 bred from the larva, which resembles that of Trifolii, but the incisions are black, dotted with 

 white, and the stripe on the sides is white. It feeds on trees, heath, and low plants from autumn 

 to June. In mountainous districts the larva does not form its cocoon till July, and the pupa also 

 hybernates, the moth appearing in the following June. Both sexes of the moth are figured, with 

 their transformations, at PI. 29, Fig. I, a — e. 



*8. L. Riibi (Linn.), (Fox Moth). — Wings rounded, cinnamon-brown in the male, and greyish- 

 brown in the female ; fringes unspotted ; fore-wings with two nearly straight whitish tranverse 

 stripes, but with no white central spot. Expands from 2 to 2| inches. It is common throughout 

 Europe (except the extreme north and south) and in the Altai in May and June. The male flies 

 on heaths towards evening. The larva, which smells of musk, has rather long hair ; when young 

 it is black, with reddish-yellow bands ; and when full-grown it is brown, and the sides are 

 black, with dark blue incisions. It lives chiefly on heath, and hybernates when full-grown, 

 becoming a pupa in spring in its winter quarters. It is very difficult to keep alive through the 

 winter. The larva and both sexes of the moth are figured at PI. 29, Fig. 2, a — c. 



GENUS III. — CLISIOCAMPA (STEPH.). 



Wings rounded, the fore-wings with no pale spot in the middle ; the palpi small, generally 

 entirely concealed by the hair. The abdomen of the female is not tufted at the extremity. The 

 cocoon is barrel-shaped. 



* I. C. CratcEgi (Linn.). — Fore-wings pale grey, with the central area darker grey, and bordered 

 by two black transverse lines, the hindermost of which forms two angles. The long fringes are 

 regularly intersected with dusky, and the hind-wings are brownish. The colour varies from pale 

 to dark, and the central area is sometimes scarcely darkened. Expands from ij to \\ inches. 

 It is found throughout Europe and Western Asia in September and October. The larva is clothed 

 with thin hair, and is bluish-black, with brick-red hairy warts, white or yellow transverse bands, 

 and a white line, broken into spots, on the sides. It lives on hawthorn, sloe, and willow in May 

 and June. {C. Ilicis, Ramb., from Spain, resembles Cratagi, but the transverse lines of the fore- 

 wings are more sinuated and angular, and there is an additional line towards the hind margin. Its 

 slender reddish larva feeds on oak in May.) 



* 2. C. Popidi (Linn.). — Wings thinly scaled, with spotted fringes ; fore-wings dark grey, with 

 two pale yellow transverse stripes, one near the base and the other beyond the middle ; hind-wings 

 pale grey. Expands from l| to if inches. It is not uncommon throughout the greater part of 

 Europe, appearing from September to December, according to the locality. The larva is thinly 

 clothed with hair, and is grey, with a row of darker and often connected spots, and small reddish- 

 yellow warts on the back, and a reddish-yellow transverse spot on the back of the neck. It feeds on 

 various trees, and may be found on the trunks during the day in spring and early summer. The 

 moth is figured at PI. 28, Fig. 5. (C. Intermedia, Mill., found at Cannes in December, resembles 

 this, but is more densely scaled, the fore-wings are more varied, and the white basal line is replaced 

 by a large dull fulvous spot surrounded with whitish.) 



