GONOPHORA. 1^3 



May to August. The larva is yellowish-green, with red-tipped humps on segments 5 to 8, 

 and a red stripe as far as the first hump. It feeds on birch and alder in May and June, 

 and again in September and October. 



*4. N. Ziczac (Linn.). — Fore-wings pale reddish-brown, dusted with whitish in the middle 

 below the costa, and with a large oblique dark rusty-brown central lunule, broadly shaded with 

 grey behind ; the transverse stripes are only distinct on the costa. The hind-wings are whitish, 

 dusted with pale brown. Expands from i^ to if inches. It is common throughout Europe 

 in April and May, and again in July and August. The larva is violet, rose-red, or reddish- 

 brown, varied with whitish, and yellowish on the hinder segments, with two humps on the 6th 

 and 7th segments, and a reddish-brown stripe on the back as far as the first hump. It lives 

 in June and July, and again in September and October, on oaks, poplars, and willows. The 

 transformations are figured at PI. 31, Fig. 9, a — d. 



FAMILY XIV.— CYMATOPHORID^. 



The species somewhat resemble those belonging to the latter genera of the Notodoniid(£, 

 but differ both from these and from the Noctuce (among which they are included by Guenee 

 and others) in the neuration of the hind-wings. The moths are of middle size, generally with 

 thick bodies ; the thorax is short and woolly, and the abdomen is tapering, and extends a 

 little beyond the anal angle of the hind- wings. The fore-wings are rather long and triangular, 

 with the tip rectangular, and the hind margin scarcely waved. An accessory cellule is also 

 present. The hind-wings are more slender, and are folded when at rest, and covered by 

 the fore-wings. The costal and subcostal nervures of the hind-wings run close together, and 

 do not separate till they reach the point where nervule 7 rises. The antennae are generally 

 slightly pectinated in the males, and simple in the females ; the palpi are small and projecting, 

 and the tongue is stiff and horn)-. The legs are short ; the front tibiae are provided with a 

 leaf-like appendage, and the hind tibiae- have four spurs. The larvae are naked, and have 

 sixteen legs. They are remarkable for sitting on a leaf when at rest with their bodies curved 

 like a hook. They change to pupae in a loose cocoon, and the pupae are cylindrical in front 

 and tapering behind. The moths fly late in the evening, and are fond of apple-flavouring. 



GENUS I. — GONOPHORA (BRUAND). 



The head is contracted ; the abdomen is furnished with small crests on the upper side 

 of the front segments, and with thick tufts of hair on the sides ; the antennae are scarcely 

 ciliated in the male ; the legs are very short, and the middle pair of tibiae are woolly. 

 The fore-wings are broad, and the hinder angle is rather prominent. The only species, 

 * G. Dcrasa (Linn.), has olive-grey fore-wings, with the central area orange. There are 

 four dark zigzag lines beyond the middle, an oblique white line before the hind margin, 

 one running from near the base of the costa to beyond the middle of the inner margin, and 

 two small stigmata, surrounded with paler, below a broad white stripe which runs along the 

 middle of the costa. Hind-wings yellowish-grey. Expands about \\ inches. Widely dis- 

 tributed in Central Europe in June and July, but not always common. The larva is reddish- 

 brown, with a dark line on the back, and small round whitish spots on the upper part of 

 the sides of segments 5 and 6. It feeds on bramble and raspberry in August and September, 

 and likes to hide itself during the day in dry roUed-up leaves. 



