174 European Butterflies and Moths. 



costa ; the two stigmata large, bordered with white, the orbicular stigma oval and oblique, 

 the reniform stigma bordered with blackish beneath. It varies considerably in colour and in 

 the distinctness of the markings. Expands from \\ to \\ inches. The larva is green, varied 

 with white, with a yellow line on the back, and a yellow stripe on the sides, bordered above 

 with black. It feeds on oak, birch, willow, and sloe in May and June. 



* lo. T. Opima (Hiibn.). — Fore-wings not rounded at the hinder angle, violet-grey, brown 

 in the central area, with the subterminal line straight and white, narrowly bordered in front 

 with brown ; the stigmata large and bordered with white ; the orbicular stigma round. Hind- 

 wings brownish-grey. Expands about \\ inches. Found throughout Central Europe, but not 

 very common. The larva is brown, with a yellowish head, and feeds on oak. 



GENUS XXXIII. — PACHNOBIA (LED.). 



Middle-sized, stout-bodied moths, with broad fore-wings, truncated behind, and rounded 

 above the hinder angle ; fringes rounded. The fore-wings are reddish-brown, with the two 

 stigmata and the very sinuous subterminal line paler ; the transverse lines dark and slender, 

 the inner line with round projections, and the elbowed line dentated ; hind-wings broad and 

 grey. The thighs and palpi are covered with long hair, and the abdomen extends a little 

 beyond the anal angle. The larvae feed on low plants, such as dock and plantain, and 

 resemble those of Tceniocampa, and the moths appear in April and May. 



* I. P. Leucographa (W. V.). — Fore-wings reddish-brown, with the stigmata dusted with 

 whitish, and the hind margin darker as far as the subterminal line. Expands nearly 

 1} inches. Found throughout Central Europe, but not common. Larva green, finely dusted 

 with black and white on the back, and with oblique brownish stripes ; a rusty-yellow band on 

 the sides, bordered with black above. {T. Faceta, Tr., is brown, with the head, prothorax, and 

 orbicular stigma straw-colour ; the reniform stigma is rust-colour. A very scarce species, found 

 at Naples and in Sicily.) 



* 2. P. Riibricosa (W. V.). — Fore-wings reddish-brown, the costa violet-grey, with three brown 

 spots ; the transverse lines bordered with pale, and the subterminal line violet-grey. Expands 

 from \\ to I J inches. Found throughout the greater part of Europe and Northern Asia. The 

 larva is reddish-brown, with two yellowish lines on the back (adjoining which are some white dots 

 bordered with black), and a straw-coloured stripe on the sides. 



3./". Carnea (Thunb.). — Brownish-ashy; fore-wings with angulated grey and blackish lines, 

 and a dark brown stripe on the disc ; the orbicular stigma is whitish, very large, and somewhat 

 oval, and the reniform stigma is bordered with whitish ; they are connected by a fawn-coloured 

 streak. Inhabits Norway, Lapland, and Labrador. 



GENUS XXXIV. — ORTHOSIA (TR.). 



Small or middle-sized moths, with stout bodies; the fore-wings more or less produced, 

 generally with the tips pointed and the hind margin oblique, rarely with the tips rounded and 

 rectangular, or with the hind margin straight, and curved above the hinder angle. The fore-wings 

 are smooth, and yellow, brown, or grey, with the iV^c/;/«-pattern complete, only the claviform 

 stigma is indistinct ; the fringes are slightly, if at all, waved ; hind-wings grey. The antennse of 

 the male are ciliated, and the abdomen extends for a quarter of its length beyond the anal angle 

 of the hind-wings. The larva: are thick and cylindrical, with a small head. They generally feed 



