1 82 European Butterflies and Moths. 



in May and June, and the moths, which may be captured at suyar or by beating, appear in 

 August and September. 



* I. X. Gilvago (Esp.). — Fore- wings with the tips not prominent, ochre-yellow, often 

 blotched with dark grey, with dark double transverse lines composed of lunulcs, and the 

 orbicular and reniform stigmata narrowly surrounded with dusky, the latter filled up with 

 blackish beneath ; hind-wings yellowish-white. Common in many parts of Central Europe. 

 The larva is reddish, with pale lines on the back and sides. It lives on the seeds of the 

 elm when young, and afterwards on low plants. 



2. X. Occllaris (Borkh.). — Very like Gilvago, but the fore-wings are distinctly pointed, and 

 vary considerably in colour. The nervures are narrowly paler, and there is a white dot below 

 the reniform stigma. Found throughout Central Europe, but less common than Gilvago; its 

 reported occurrence in England is somewhat doubtful. The larva lives in the buds of poplars, 

 and the moth is frequently taken at rest on the trunk of this tree. 



* 3. X. Fzdvago (Linn.), Cerago (Tr.). — Fore-wings lemon-yellow, spotted with rusty-brown, 

 especially beyond the middle, with the markings indistinct. There is a whitish spot surrounded 

 with brown at the lower end of the reniform stigma. Hind-wings white ; head and collar 

 unicolorous yellow. In the variety Flavesccns (Esp.) the fore-wings are almost destitute of 

 markings, except the spot at the reniform stigma. Common in Northern and Central Europe 

 and Northern Asia. The larva is greyish-brown, with a white line on the back, oblique 

 blackish dashes, and a grey stripe on the sides. When young it feeds in the Catkins of 

 willows, and afterwards on bramble, plantain, &c. The moth is figured at PI. 34, Fig. 6. 



*4. X. Flavago (Fabr.). — Resembles Fnlvago, but the head and collar are violet-red. The 

 fore-wings are more golden-yellow, and spotted with violet-brown, and the pattern is more 

 distinct ; the elbowed line is composed of two rows of lunules, and the reniform stigma is 

 filled up below with dusky ; hind-wings yellowish-white. Common in Europe and Northern 

 and Western Asia. The larva is brownish-grey, with dark stripes on the back and sides. 

 Its habits are similar to those of Fnlvago. 



* 5. X. Aurago (W. V.). — Fore-wings paler or darker golden-yellow in the central area, 

 and often dusted with orange, violet-brown in the basal and marginal areas ; the transverse 

 lines pale, dentated, generally only indicated by the boundaries of the areas ; the stigmata 

 brownish, bordered with paler ; and the hind-wings pale yellow. Common throughout Central 

 Europe. Larva grey, with darker transverse stripes. It feeds on beech between connected 

 leaves. 



6. X. Sulplnirago (W. V.). — Fore-wings pale ochre -yellow, with interrupted double rusty- 

 brown lines, and brown spots and dark brown central shade ; the reniform stigma composed 

 of two small brown rings ; hind-wings yellowish-white. A scarce species in the southern half 

 of Central Europe. The larva is ashy-grey, with three white lines on the back, with brown 

 oblique dashes between, and a broad white stripe on the sides, washed with reddish. It lives 

 between connected leaves of maple. 



* 7. X. Citrago (Linn.). — Fore-wings golden-yellow, finely dusted with reddish-brown, two 

 single transverse lines, which are not dentated ; the broad intermediate central shade, the 

 borders of the stigmata, and the nervures brownish-red ; hind-wings yellowish-white. The variety 

 Snbjlava (Eversm.), from the Ural, has a dark basal band and a broad dark hind margin. 

 Common in Northern and Central Europe. Larva slaty-grey, with three white lines on the 

 back, between which are black spots, and a broad yellowish-white stripe on the sides. It lives 

 on lime between connected leaves. 



