i86 European Butterflies and Moths. 



and regularly curved, but not oblique ; brown or blackish, with the Nocttia-'<^2X\.f:XVi incomplete or 

 entirely absent ; the antennae of the male are simply and shortly ciliated, the tongue is strong, the 

 hind-wings are rounded, and the abdomen is generally flattened, and rarely convex. The larvjE are 

 naked and cylindrical, generally' with a slight prominence on the I2th segment, and undergo their 

 transformations between leaves in a loose cocoon. The moths are very wary, and hide themselves 

 under loose bark, in crevices, &c., and are sometimes to be taken at sugar. Most of the species 

 appear in July and August, and the larvae feed on low plants in May and June. 



* 1, A. Tragopogoiiis (Linn.). — Fore-wings brownish-black, with three large black spots instead 

 of the usual two' stigmata, hind-wings grey, with the hind margin brownish. Expands from i \ to 

 1 1 inches. Common in Europe and Northern and Western Asia, and when disturbed in the day- 

 time it falls down and shuffles about in such a manner that it has acquired the name of " the 

 mouse.^' The larva is green, more slender in front, with three white longitudinal lines on the back, 

 and a white stripe on the sides. It feeds on Tragopogon pratcnsis, Rumex, &c. 



2. A. Styx (Herr.-Schaff.). — Dark brown, fore-wings with the inner line pale behind, two black 

 discoidal spots, a submarginal fawn-coloured stripe edged within with paler, and black marginal 

 dots ; hind-wings ashy, with the hind margin broadly blackish. Inhabits Turkey. {A. Molyhdax, 

 Christoph, from Sarepta, resembles Tragopogonis ; the fore-wings are greyish-brown, not so 

 reddish, and only dusted with whitish along the extremities of the nervures ; the reniform stigma is 

 replaced by two very distinct white spots, the lowest larger ; the orbicular stigma is indicated by 

 a very faint black dot ; hind-wings greyish-brown, not paler towards the base, and wholly without 

 markings.) 



3. A. Tetra (Fabr.). — Fore-wings dark brown, with three white dots on the costa towards the 

 tip; and hind-wings brownish-grey. Expands about i| inches. Inhabits Southern and South- 

 Central Europe and Northern and Western Asia. The larva is green, with a dark line on the 

 back, and whitish subdorsal lines. 



4. A. Livida {\N N .). — Fore-wings dull bluish-black, without markings ; hind-wings pale rusty- 

 yellow, the costa brownish-grey. Expands about ij inches. Range of Tctra. Larva yellowish- 

 green, with a darker line bordered with paler on the back, yellowish subdorsal lines, and a yellow 

 stripe on the sides. 



5. A. Perflua (Fabr.). — Fore-wings dark violet-brown, the transverse lines are double, 

 dentated, far apart, and marked with white, the subtcrminal line is whitish, and the orbicular 

 stigma is small, and surrounded with paler ; hind-wings brownish-grey. This and the following 

 species expand from 2 to 2\ inches. Found throughout Central Europe (except Britain) and 

 Northern Asia, but scarce. The larva resembles that of Pyraiiiidca, but the red-tipped pro- 

 tuberance on the 1 2th segment is absent, and the white lines running from the 12th segment arc 

 broader. The stripe on the sides is interrupted from the 3rd to the 6th segment. It feeds on 

 sallows, elms, &c. [^A. Effiisa, Boisd., has brown fore-wings, with dark brown transverse lines, 

 which are waved and interrupted, and a row of marginal dots ; hind-wings rusty-brown and shining. 

 It inhabits South Europe.) 



*6. A. Pyrainidea (Linn.), {Copper Undcnving). — Fore-wings yellowish-brown, varied with 

 dark brown, whitish between the elbowed and subterminal lines, with a small orbicular stigma 

 surrounded with white. The two transverse lines are black, double, and dentated, filled up with 

 whitish, the subterminal line is broken into white spots, and marked with blackish triangular 

 spots in front ; hind-wings cinnamon-red. Common throughout Europe and Northern and Western 

 Asia. The larva is pale green, with a white line on the back, and a yellowish-white stripe on 

 the sides. There is a pyramidal elevation on the 12th segment, tipped with red, from which 



