DISTRIBUTION OF PAPILIONIDA) IN THE HIMALAYAS. 203 
5. Cold Temperate Zone ... ... %500-10,000 ft. 
6. Sub-Alpine or Sub-Arctic Zone 10,000-12,500 ft. 
7. Alpine or Arctic Zone. ... ... 12,500-15,000 ft. 
8. Snow or Polar Zone ... ... 15,000-17,500 ft. 
These figures must only be considered as approximately 
correct, as they vary greatly in different parts of the chain. In 
the interior of Sikkim, as well as in the North-west Himalayas, 
zones 2 to 6 are generally from 1000 to 8000 ft. lower, while in 
the latter part of the chain the alpine and snow zones rise con- 
siderably higher. 
The following abbreviations have been employed :— 
EK. Signifies that the species is only found, so far as is 
known, to the eastward of Nepaul: 388 species. 
W. That the species is confined to the west thereof: 
5 species. 
The number of species which range throughout the entire 
chain consisting of 19 species. 
While the total number recorded from the whole of the 
Himalayas is 57 species. 
* Denotes that the species is probably only an immigrant 
in the particular zone indicated, and does not perform its 
metamorphoses there. Including these occasional visitors, the 
number of species occurring in each climatal zone may be given 
approximately as under :— 
. Tropical Zone ... ae ... 86 species. 
Sub-Tropical Zone fer soleBi is 
. Warm Temperate Zone 2 Lot 5 
. Cold Temperate Zone ... epee ce ee 
Sub-Alpine or Sub-Arctic Zone 3 _s,, 
Alpine or Arctic Zone ... ant 'G 
. Snow or Polar Zone... sea ONL 
In the South-eastern Himalayas, on the outer hills, zones 
Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5 belong in preponderating degree to the Indo- 
Chinese province of the Indo-Malayan Region of zoogeographers, 
while in the interior thereof, zones Nos. 5 and 6 belong, in like 
measure, to the Manchurian province of the extensive Palearctic 
Region ; the latter, however, being considered, in the North-west 
Himalayas, as approximating more closely to the Mediterranean 
province of the same. ‘Throughout the entire chain, zones 
Nos. 7 and 8 belong exclusively to the Siberian province of the 
Palwarctic Region of Messrs. P. H. Sclater and A. R. Wallace. 
An analysis of the Himalayan Papilionide according to their 
zoogeographical affinities furnishes the following interesting 
results :— 
Belonging to the Indo-Chinese province of the Indo-Malayan 
Region: 38 species (of which 9 also occur in the Indo-Malayan 
province). 
Belonging to the Hindustani province of the Indo-Malayan 
Region: 2 species (of which 1 also occurs in the Cingalese province). 
