48 LEPIDOPTERA. 



in the spring on the same and on bramble, sloe, hawthorn, 

 and sallow, especially on the young shoots. 



Pupa stout with rather full abdominal segments, the 

 anterior edge of each of which is abundantly sculptured with 

 fine punctures arranged in a band, rest of segments and the 

 wing and limb-covers very glossy ; anal segment tumid and 

 having a blunt protuberance, on whicli is a double spike ; 

 colour rich red-lirown. In a ])rittle earthen cocoon, und(M'- 

 ground. 



The moth hides during the day among herbage and in 

 very thick bushes ; it flies at dusk and through the night, 

 coming freely to sugar, lime blossoms, and honeydew, and 

 less frequently to light. Almost confined to woods and 

 wooded districts, and plentiful in the southern, south-eastern, 

 and south-midland counties of England, apparently much 

 scarcer in the west ; said to be uncommon in the south-west 

 of Dorset, in Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall, and only once 

 taken in the Scilly Isles ; probably found in all woods in 

 South Wales, since in some seasons it is not scarce in Pem- 

 brokeshire ; not uncommon in Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, 

 Cheshire, Derbyshire, but scarce in North Staffordshire, York- 

 shire and Lancashire, and in Norfolk and Suffolk apparently 

 confined to the large woods j also found in Cumberland ; and 

 rarely, in many localities in Scotland — Ayrshire, Argyleshire, 

 and elsewhere in the district of the Solway and Clyde ; more 

 extensively on the east side, through the districts of the 

 Tweed, Forth, Tay, and Dee to Moray and Ross-shire, but 

 not in the Islands. In Ireland it is said to be rather widely 

 distributed, plentiful in Kerry, and probably in \voods in other 

 parts of the south and west, and even abundant at Armagh ; 

 there is a single record at Londonderry. 



Abroad it is common throughout Central Europe, in 

 Northern Italy, Southern Sweden, Livonia, Dalmatia, and 

 Southern and Eastern Russia. In North America a form 

 known as Normamana, Grote^ has the transverse lines of the 



