TORTRICES TAKEN IN SOUTH ESSEX. 131 



Under the name " viburnana " I fancy it will be some day proved that 

 two species are mixed together in this country. 



T. paUecma, Hb. — A single specimen taken in a boggy place near 

 Upminster, July, 1889. Not met with by me elsewhere in the county. 



T. viridana, L. — Only too common (and destructive) in oak woods 

 throughout the county ; dozens sometimes coming down at nearly 

 every blow from the beating stick. I have never been fortunate 

 enough to meet with the pretty var. suttneriana in Essex. 



T. ministrana L. — Pretty generally distributed, and frequently com- 

 mon ; to be beaten from birch shrubs and flying over the same at 

 early dusk at the beginning of June. I have never bred this species. 



T.forstemna, Fb. — Larva common on ivy, and sometimes honey- 

 suckle. The imago may often be beaten freely from the former at the 

 beginning of July. Some of the females run very large. Does not 

 appear to vary much except in the size of the spots. 



Dichelia (jrotiana, Fb. — Common where it occurs, but seems to be 

 a decidedly local species. I have found it on two or three occasions 

 freely by beating a mixed growth of whitethorn and bramble on 

 Wanstead Flats. Other localities are Upminster, Warley, and Fair- 

 mead Bottom, Chingford. 



Leptogramma scahrana, Fb. — Used to occur a few years ago at 

 Leyton, close to the spot now covered by the Town Hall buildings, where 

 1 used to beat it rarely from an elm hedge. Not met with elsewhere 

 by me. 



Peronea sponsana, Fb. — Very common in Eppiug Forest amongst 

 beech and hornbeam, upon which the larva feeds. What is usually 

 regarded as the type is very rare there ; with one or two exceptions 

 all of the many dozens I have examined belong to the very plain 

 variety lividana, as described by Wilkinson. 



P. schalleriana, L. — Not very common, but distributed widely. I 

 have more often beaten it from blackthorn than anything else. The 

 pretty var. latifasciana, Haw. (if, indeed, it is a variety, and not a 

 distinct species), has occurred, but I have not met with it myself. 



P. comparana, Hb. — By many entomologists considered merely a 

 variety of the above, is not uncommon in many localities, but not, I 

 think, quite so common as the previous species. I have bred it from 

 a species of willow and also from blackthorn. 



P. variefjana, Schiff. — May be beaten in numbers from almost 

 every hawthorn hedge in the district. All the named varieties occur, 

 except albana, which I believe is more often found in the north of 

 England. The almost black var. cirrana is the least common. 



P. cristana, Fb. — Still to be found in limited numbers in Epping 

 Forest, but in nothing like the numbers which were taken by the 

 collectors of forty or fifty years ago in the neighbouring Hainault 

 Forest, long since destroyed. I have not taken it anywhere but in 

 the forest, where it may be beaten from hawthorn. 



P. hasiiana, L. — Not by any means common ; a few larvae have 

 been found near Upminster, Barking, and (formerly) Hainault Forest. 



P. umbrana, Hb. — Mr. Machin and others used to get it very 

 sparingly in Epping Forest, but I have spent many hours in many 

 seasons searching in vain for it. 



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