CLASSIFICATION OF GRACILARIA AND ALLIED GENERA. 141 



Chambers's observations, to which I have already called 

 your attention, show that in America there are two other forms 

 within the genus which certainly deserve, and have possibly 

 received since Chambers wrote, generic recognition. 



Our English form he calls the cylindrical form. It has three 

 Gracilarian instars, and does most of its feeding as a larva of 

 normal form in the fourth and following instars. 



What he calls the flat form has five Gracilarian instars, and 

 does all its feeding in these ; in the two following it is only pre- 

 paring for pupation. Why it should have an idle instar between 

 the last feeding and the cocoon spinning instar, Mr. Chambers 

 does not tell us, and there is something still to be learnt here. 



A third section, consisting of only one species (ornatella = 

 ostensackenella) , agrees with the last group in everything except 

 that it is the only species in the genus that leaves the mine for 

 pupation. 



I would suggest, if other names have not already been given 

 to these two sections, that the flat group be called Cameraria, 

 after Chambers, with type guttifinitella ; and as regards osten- 

 sackenella, Fitch, I would place it provisionally in Leucanthiza, 

 since the larval habits are identical. If imaginal characters 

 forbid this, it will require a new generic name. 



We finally reach the Phyllocnistinse, in which we have the 

 highest elaboration of the Gracilarian specialization, in so far 

 that there are three Gracilarian instars, but no ordinary larval 

 form afterwards. In the fourth instar the larval mouth-parts 

 are reduced to a spinneret only as a functional organ ; there are 

 no functional jaws, either Gracilarian or normal. 



Probably the Cameraria group of Lithocolletines are as far 

 advanced, having no instar in which the larva feeds with ordinary 

 jaws, and may be regarded as even more specialized in having 

 five instead of three Gracilarian instars ; but this, I think, has 

 really an opposite bearing, as five or six is a normal number of 

 moults, and a reduction to three is a very decided specialization. 



In any case, however, I have no personal acquaintance with 

 these American forms, and cannot go very far in theorizing 

 about them. 



The pupae (Pupse Incompletse) of the lower Neo-Lepidoptera 

 are characterized by having the 7th abdominal segment in the 

 male free, though fixed in the female, and by the pupa leaving 

 the puparium for the emergence of the imago. In the lowest sur- 

 viving forms we have, the antennae, wings, legs, &c., are but slightly 

 held together, and equally slightly to the abdominal segments, and 

 these appear to be free up to even the first; so that in Nepticulae 

 and Cochlidids the first six abdominal segments are all free. 



As we advance to higher forms movement is lost in the anterior 

 segment, and, as each segment loses freedom of movement, it 

 tends to become also soldered to the appendages lying in front 



