160 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



together of the different parts, appendages, &c. In this respect 

 they appear to be lower rather than higher than the Gracilariads. 

 Gracilaria is a Pupa Incompleta that has reached, as regards 

 movable segments, the highest point that such a pupa can attain. 

 Lyonetia has just passed this point, but is otherwise no higher 

 than Gracilaria, whilst both are, as regards imaginal and other 

 structures, still rather low amongst Micros above the Tinefe. 

 Even pupally, as regards general soldering ol appendages, they 

 are lower than Tortrices, for instance, which in the matter of 

 movable segments are a stage below them. Further, each in its 

 own way is different from any other pupa. 



Taking all these things into account, it is highly probable that 

 the pupa of Gracilaria and that of Lyonetia are really not very 

 far apart. Each has taken one step forward from a similar form, 

 quite probably a common ancestor ; but they have taken it in a 

 different manner. 



It might be asked if they be possibly so near as this, whether 

 each form of pupa might not have arisen separately perhaps 

 several times, and whether Cemiostotna might not possibly be 

 nearer to Phyllocnistis, and Lyonetia to Coriscium, than Lyonetia 

 to Cemiostoma, and Phyllocnistis to Coriscium. Apart from the 

 inherent improbability of this, the larval specializations give it a 

 complete contradiction. 



The lateral pseudopods of the larvffi of Phyllocnistis and of 

 Cemiostoma, and the curious tail-ending of the pupa of Lyonetia, 

 and of the larva of Phyllocnistis, show that there is close relation- 

 ship between the two groups, probably in the facility of develop- 

 ing such structures rather than in a common inheritance of 

 them. 



Phyllohrostis daphneella is a very interesting species in several 

 respects to us just here, chiefly in regard to its pupal structure. 

 This places it outside the Lyonetiadae, but very close indeed to it, 

 if we accept the explanation of the pupal alliance that possibly 

 exists between Gracilaria and Lyojietia that I have hazarded, 

 and, indeed, very strongly enforces the probability of that ex- 

 planation. At first sight the pupa, though darker in colour, and 

 looking more solid, is very like that of Cemiostoma. A closer 

 view, however, shows that it is of a form that I have described as 

 occurring in Epermenia (Ent. Trans. 1897), at a time when that 

 was the only one I knew with this structure, viz. with the free 

 segments as in Gracilaria, but without the habit of leaving the 

 puparium for emergence. This might very well be a connecting- 

 link between Lyonetiadae and Gracilaria. 



The classifications that have recently been made of these 

 groups may be taken to be well represented by Meyrick (1895), 

 Spuler (1898), and Rebel (1901). These seem all to be founded 

 more or less on characters of neuration, and the variations in the 

 results are largely due to the personal equation by which each 



