224 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



RECENT LITERATURE. 



G. Breddin. "Die Hemipteren von Celebes." 1901. Abli. Naturf. 

 Gesellsch. Halle, xxiv. pp. 1-217, 1 plate and 1 text-map [sepa- 

 rately paged copy] . 



As everyone knows, Celebes is remarkable, as regards its Vertebrata 

 at least, in belonging strictly neither to the Oriental nor to the 

 Australian Region. Dr. Breddin has been so fortunate as to have had 

 for examination the collections recently made by Fruhstorfer, Kiiken- 

 thal, and the brothers Sarasin, and the result is an elaborate and care- 

 fully-prepared contribution to our knowledge of insular faunas, con- 

 sisting of (1) a list, with localities, of all the certain and dubious 

 Celebesian Rhynchota ; (2) description of new forms, &c, ; and (3) the 

 inter-relations of the various Malayan faunas, the latter section being 

 very fally discussed. Of course, as is natural where non-specialists 

 have been the collectors, it is of the Cimicidfe, Lygaeidae (=:Coreidfe), 

 Reduviidffi, Cicadidffi, and Cercopidte that we have the fullest informa- 

 tion, 75 per cent, of the recorded forms being referable to these 

 families. 



The claims of 221 species are regarded as established, of which 143 

 are precinctive''- so far as is known. Of the rest, a small number are 

 widely distributed throughout the Oriental and Australian Regions ; 

 most, however, are confined to one or more of the neighbouring 

 islands, principally Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Philippines. The 

 conclusions reached are as follows : — 



(1.) A land-bridge existed formerly, connecting East Java and 

 South Celebes. 



(2.) A similar bridge between the Philippines (Mindanao) and 

 North Celebes. 



(3.) Of these two, the former has been a little the more productive. 



(4.) Borneo has not a single rhynchoton in common with Celebes 

 (this is also the case with the mammals, land-birds, reptiles, am- 

 phibia, and land- and freshwater molluscs), which is not also found at 

 the same time in Java, or in the Philippines, or in both of these latter. 

 Celebes and Borneo have therefore never been in direct communica- 

 tion so as to render possible an interchange of species, the Macassar 

 Straits forming an impassable boundary. The species common to 

 Borneo and Celebes have become interchanged, either partly by a 

 detour through Java, or partly tln'ough the Philippines, or probably by 

 both ways at the same time. 



(5.) Java has not been directly connected with Borneo, Sumatra 

 having been the connecting link. 



(6.) A bridge between Borneo and the Philippines existed formerly 

 via Bangvey Island which, though nearer Borneo, shows some clear 

 Philippine types. 



I have noted only a single omission from the list of authentic 

 Celebesian Rhynchota, viz. the widely distributed Clerada apicicornis, 

 Signoret. q ^_ Kirkaldy. 



■''• " Confined to the area under discussion." See D. Sharp, 1900, 'Fauna 

 Hawaiiensis,' ii. p. 91. 



