33 NYMPHALID^. NYMPIIALTN^E. CETHOSIA. 



slender, rather pointed, grooved below. Thorax, oval, not robust ; the prothorax small, 

 but distinct. Abdomen, subcylindric, shorter than the inner margin of the hindwing. FORE- 

 WING, triangular ; the costal margin and apex slightly rounded ; outer margin sinuate-dentate, 

 not two-thirds the length of the costa ; inner margin slightly sinuate, .rather longer than 

 the outer. Costal nervure stout, not extending much beyond the middle of the wing ; sub' 

 costal nervure slender, placed very close to the costal, five-branched, its first branch thrown 

 off just before the end of the cell ; the first and second, and the third and fourth, branches 

 about equally distant from one another ; the third rather nearer to the second than to the fourth. 

 Discoidal cell not quite half the length of the wing. Upper disco-cellular nervule almost 

 wanting ; middle disco-cellular nearly straight, directed slightly inwards ; lower disco-cellular 

 t^vice the length of the middle one, directed first slightly inwards, then curving outwards, 

 uniting to the third median nervule almost immediately beyond its origin. Hindwing, 

 subtriangular, all the margins of about equal length ; the anterior slightly, the outer much, 

 rounded, the latter more or less deeply dentate ; the inner margin forming a distinct channel 

 for the reception of the abdomen, emarginate beyond the termination of the internal nervure. 

 Forelegs, of the vtale with the femur and tibia of about equal length, subcylindric, slightly 

 compressed ; tarsus one-jointed, shorter than the tibia, subcylindric, slightly compressed, 

 rounded, or rather slenderer, towards the apex. Of the female scarcely, if at all, longer 

 than those of the male ; femur and tibia of about equal length, nearly cylindric, the latter 

 slightly spiny within ; tarsus shorter than the tibia, five-jointed ; the first joint nearly double 

 the length of the rest combined, largest towards the apex ; the other joints transverse, 

 successively shorter ; all the joints except the fifth armed on each side at the apex with a 

 stout spine, covered more or less by a tuft of stiff hairs at the base of the following joint. 

 Middle and hindlegs, with the iibiiz rather shorter than the femora, spiny ; the spurs 

 distinct ; tarsi about equal in length to the tibiae, very spiny ; the spines above slender, 

 much stronger at the sides and below, forming three well-defined series along the sole of the 

 foot. First joint equal to the rest combined ; second, third and fourth progressively shorter, 

 and slightly thicker ; fifth longer than the second, rather dilated ; the spines, especially the 

 lateral ones, longer than on the other joints. Claws elongate, grooved below, lobed at the 

 base, acute, but little curved except at the base and apex. Paronychia &wA pulvilli yfAnimg 

 or rudimentary." {Doubleday, I. c.) 



The LARVA of two species are known ; they are cylindrical in shape, the third to 

 fifth, the seventh, and the ninth to thirteenth segments marked each with a bright crimson 

 band, the sixth and eighth segments with a bright yellow band, and all the segments bearing 

 several fine and many branched spines, the head with a pair of suberect processes. The 

 PUPA is brown, of different shades, very irregular in shape and foliaceous. 



The characteristic features of the Cethosice are the black outer border, covering the 

 apical half in the forewing and bearing on both wings a series of narrow highly dentate 

 white lunules corresponding with the dentations of the margin ; these lunules are in all 

 cases prominent on the underside, and, except in C, nikobarica (in which they are obsolete 

 but traceable), on the upperside also. Also on the forewing a discal series of more elongate 

 white lunules. In the males the ground-colour of the wings is ochreous or fulvous-red, 

 suffused with whitish on the hindwing in a few species only. In the females the prevailing 

 colour is white, often tinged with ochreous. There are two groups, — the first in which the 

 ground-colour is fulvous-red, represented by C. cyant in the North- East, C. mahtatta 

 in the South, and G. nietneri in Ceylon ; C cyane having a single prominent black spot 

 below the subcostal nervure in the middle of the hindwing, and the other two bearing 

 numerous black marks on the basal half. This group is also distinguished by a broad, white 

 subapical transverse bar on the forewing, widest and best defined in C. cyane, and narrowest 

 and least defined in C- nietneri. The second group in which the ground-colour is ochreous-red 

 and the base of the hindwing unmarked below the subcostal nervure except by transparency 

 from the underside, is represented by the typical species C. biblis, and an allied species which 

 replaces it in the Andamans and Nicobars. 



The species of this genus are all very beautiful, rich red, yellow and black being the 



