42 NYMPIIALIDiE. NYMPHALIN^E. CYNTHIA. 



Description : Male. Upperside bright ferruginous-ochreous, the discal area across 

 both wings slightly paler. Forewing with two black lines crossing the middle of the cell, 

 another near its outer end, two very fine lines enclosing the disco-cellulars, a black somewhat 

 lunulated very narrow fascia or line just beyond the cell from the costa to the submedian 

 nervure, a paler much waved discal macular line, followed by a curved series of small black 

 spots one in each interspace, the two on either side of the third median nervule indistinct, a 

 black submarginal waved line enclosing a pale ochreous spot at the apex, and a marginal more 

 waved line. Hiiuiwiiig with a narrow black straight line beyond the cell from the costal 

 nervure to near the anal angle, in continuation of the line on the forewing, beyond which the 

 ground-colour is paler especially towards the costa, the outer margin of this pale band marked 

 by a very irregular deep tawny line, a diffused dusky band bearing two ocelli, the upper one 

 placed in the interspace above the discoidal nervule, the lower one in the first median inter- 

 space, these ocelli made up of a fine black outer line enclosing an ochreous space bearing 

 a somewhat diffused blackish excentric spot with a lilac pupil. Marginal and submarginal 

 lines as in the forewing, but enclosing a small patch of violaceous at the anal angle. 

 Underside paler, tinged with reddish towards the base, and marked somewhat 

 similarly to the upperside, the basal markings more prominent, the middle bar across the 

 cell of the forewing being produced to the submedian nervure and appearing on the hind wing 

 from the costal to the submedian nervure, an additional line between it and the base 

 across the cell of both wings, and the upper disco-cellular of the hindwing enclosed by two 

 fine lines ; the discal line prominent, continued almost straight from the middle of the 

 costa of the forewing almost to the anal angle of the hindwing, near which it curves abruptly 

 upwards and joins the inner margin just below the abdominal fold ; a prominent blackish line 

 nearly straight from the outer edge of the apical spot on the forewing to the anal angle of 

 the hindwing, the triangular space between paler and bearing two much waved less distinct 

 lines, the outer of which merges in the outer line on the hindwing, the space beyond much 

 washed with silvery violaceous, the marginal lines paler and indistinct, the apical spot on the 

 forewing large silvery geminate, and followed by two smaller ones corresponding to the black 

 dots of the upperside. 



The above description is of the typical form which is found abundantly in North Eastern 

 India from Sikkim, through Assam, the Khasi and Naga Hills, Sylhet, Cachar, Munipore, 

 and Burma to Tenasserim ; but there are several more or less well-defined local races in 

 which the characters of the male insect differ as follows. 



The Andaman race has the upperside distinctly paler throughout, but the markings are 

 identical, those on the paler discal area slightly less distinct ; the undersidk is also paler, and 

 more uniformly ochreous in tint, the silvery violaceous washing equally wide-spread but much 

 less brilliant in tone. The ground-colour of the upperside is somewhat variable, in some 

 specimens it is pale ochreous throughout, in others distinctly darker at the base of 

 both wings. 



In Tenasserim also there occurs along with the typical form, a local race, nearest to the 

 Andaman form but paler still and more uniformly yellowish in tone ; on the uppkkside the 

 markings are all paler and less distinct, those on the pale discal area almost entirely obsolete ; 

 the violaceous patch at anal angle indistinct ; the underside paler, the markings all less 

 prominent, and the silvery violaceous washings duller and more restricted than even in the 

 Andaman race. This race prominently differs from the South Indian species, C. saloma, 

 in the very much paler and more uniform tone of colouring, its smaller size, and the markings 

 throughout being far less prominent. 



Lastly, we have a single specimen taken in December by Dr. E. R. Johnson at Harriajan 

 at the base of the Naga hills on the north side towards the Brahmaputra valley ; the upper- 

 side of which closely resembles that of the pale Tenasserim local race, but the violaceous patch 

 at anal angle of hindwing is altogether wanting; the underside is darker almost uniform 

 ochreous with a ferruginous tinge, basal half more distinctly ferruginous-red, and barely the 

 laintest trace of the violaceous washing is discernable on the external area. 



Males of C. eioia are very common in Sikkim at all elevations up to 7,000 feet, also 



