44 NVMrilALin.E. NYMniALIN.E. CYNTHIA. 



discoidal] iieivules and anotlier between the lower median nervules being ocellated, the others 

 indistinct and formed of blaclc speckles ; two marginal sinuous lines. Underside uniform yellow 

 outwardly from medial dusky line, the base suffused with ochry red ; basal streaks bright red. 

 Forewing with three contiguous apical white spots, inner marghial straight pale dusky red 

 line, almost obsolete outer marginal zigzag line ; a discal transverse zigzag line on both wings ; 

 marginal lunular lines and extreme margin of hindwing from tail to anal angle chestnut- 

 brown ; a transverse streak passing the ocelli on the hindwing. Female dark blue-grey, 

 brightest on hindwing, outer borders brown. Forewing with a transverse discal band of 

 broad bluish-white lunules traversed exteriorly by a sinuous line ; an outer row of blackish 

 spots and two submarginal sinuous lines, Hindwing with transverse medial narrow black line 

 outwardly bordered at the costal end by a short broad whitish sinuous-margined band ; two 

 large prominent discal ocelli with greenish inner ring ; two marginal black sinuous lines. 

 Underside similar to C. ero/a." 



" L\RVA pale yellow, reddish-brown beneath ; segments brown streaked, spiracles black ; 

 head spinous, armed with two long curved thick spinous tubercles, the segments armed with a 

 dorsal and two lateral rows of long slightly branched spines, the dorsal and upper lateral row 

 arising from a red round tumid spot. Pltpa pale reddish-brown, truncated at both ends ; head 

 thick, with two short points, thorax conically pointed at top ; anterior abdominal segments 

 produced thickly outwards into a point hindwards, and forwards into two lengthened processes, 

 middle segments with a short dorsal tubercle, the two anal segments with longer basally- 

 thickened processes." (Moore. 1. c. in Lep. Cey.) 



In Ceylon " Found everywhere, both in the plains and up to 6,000 feet in forest lands all 

 the year ; most plentiful from May to October. Flight slow, very tame ; a dozen at a time 

 will alight on the ground close to you." (Hutchison), 



In the males of C. asela and C. erota I can detect no single character by which to distin- 

 guish them, though strangely enough the South Indian C. saloma is very different in aspect from 

 typical C. erota and C. asela, though placed geographically between them. The female of 

 C. asela is a darker insect, especially below, than C erota from Northern India ; on the up- 

 perside the ground-colour is of a different shade, being blue-grey instead of olivaceous, and the 

 white discal band on the hindwing is less distinct and more restricted. The South Indian species 

 in the female differs much in the tone of the ground-colour on the upperside, which is decidedly 

 bronzy-green ; the discal band on the hindwing is also even more restricted. 



Two species have been described from the Malay peninsula, one of them, C. deione* hav- 

 ing a very wide range, the other being as yet known from Province Wellesley only. There are 



" Cynthia deione, Erichson, Nova Acta Ac. Nat. Cur., vol. xvi, Supplement i, p 279, n. 3, pi. xl, figs a, aa, 

 female (1834) ; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 184, n. j, pi x, figs, i, male; 2. female (18S2) ; Cyithi.t erotetla, 

 l^utler, Trans. I.inn. Soc, Zoology, second series, vol. i, p. 544, n, i (1877). Habitat : Penang, Province Wel- 

 lesley, Sungei Ujong, Malacca, Singapore, Banca, Billiton, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Labuan, Celebes, Philippines, 

 Luzon. Expanse : Male., 3 o to 32 ; female, 3 6to 38 inches. Description : " Male. Uppersiue pale reddish- 

 ochraceous. y^orf7('/«^ with the cell crossed by two narrow black fasciae at middle, a similar waved fascia near 

 end, and two slender and contiguous lines at its termination, enclosing the disco-cellular nervules ; an oblique 

 narrow black discal fascia crossing wing beyond apex of cell, after which is a strongly waved fascia, distinct and 

 blackish above the upper median nervule, indistinct and reddish beneath it ; a submarginal series of black spots, 

 placed between the nervules, and becoming obsolete towards the apex (which is somewhat infuscated) and outer 

 angle, two narrow waved submarginal black fascia; and the margin of the same colour. Hitidwing with a narrow 

 oblique medial fascia, which is either pale fuscous or reddish ; two ocellated spots, one between the second and 

 first medi.in nervules, the other above the discoidal nervule ; an irregular black spot at apex, and marginal and 

 submarginal lines as on forewing, the inner of which is straight and truncate at median nervules ; from the area 

 of the ocellated spots to the posterior margin the colour is distinctly darker. Underside paler and marked as 

 above ForeiL'tng with three whitish and talc-like apical spots. Hindiinng vi\i\\ some transverse linear markings 

 near base, and an elongated spot surrounding the upper di.sco-cellular nervule ; beyond the medial transverse 

 f;(scia on both unngs the colour is less rufous, and on the hindwing an oblique dark fascia precedes the ocellated 

 .tnots. />()(/_)/ and A'^i concolourous with wings. Femalr. Upperside olivaceous, marked as in the male, but 

 with a whiti.sh medial fascia crossing both ivings. Foreniing with distinct white apical spots, hindzving with an 

 additional ocellated and bipupillated spot at anal angle. Underside as above, but much paler ; hindwing with 

 the dark fascia preceding the ocellated spots, as in that wing of the male. ' (Distant, 1. c.) 



Mr. Fuller (I.e.) in describing C. erotella says : — " I have examined a good .series of examples, and am 

 therefore confident of the distinctness of this species. In general size and the indistinctness of the lunnlated 

 discal line it agrees with C. rt'<'/o«<'; but it is altogether brighter in colour, with longer tails to the hindwing, 

 and a different arrangement of the lines on the underside o{ the wings." 



Cyntliia cantori. Distant, Ann and Mag. of Nat. Hist , fifth series, vol. x, p. 406 (1882) ; idem, id., Rhop. 

 Malay., p. 185, n. 2, pi. x, fig. 5, male 1 1882), HAnrTAT : Province Wellesley. Expanse: Male, 2*7 inches. I'Es- 

 CKIPTION : " ISI ALE. C!|osely allied in colour and markings to C. deione, from which it differs on the uppeksids by 

 the more angulated markings in the cell of the forezving and by the medial transverse fuscous fascia being placed 

 muc nearer to the apex of the cell, whilst on the hindwing this fascia is seen to be abruj'tly broken and deflected 



