66 NYMPHALID^. NYMPHALINiE. JUNONIA. 



base. Middle and HINDLEGS, mcderately stout ; femora of the former pair longer than, 

 of the latter pair equal to, the tibitc ; tibia subcylindric, with two interno-lateral series of 

 spines ; and sometimes a few external spines ; armed at the apex with two stout spurs ; tarsi 

 equal to the tibiaa, spiny laterally and below, except the fifth joint, which wants the lateral 

 spines ; the spines below somewhat in two series; the upper surface sometimes with one or 

 two delicate spines or stiff hairs. First joint more than double the length of the second ; 

 this mostly equal to, but sometimes shorter than, the fifth, always longer than the third ; 

 fourth mostly shorter than the third. Claius curved, grooved below. Paronychia bilaciniate, 

 outer lacinia broad at the base, then very slender, pointed ; equal, or nearly equal, in length to 

 the claw, sometimes almost strap-shaped ; inner lacinia short, subtriangular. Fulvillus shorter 

 than the claw, two jointed ; second joint broad." 



" Larva with the head and all the segments armed with spines. Pupa tuberculated, 

 scarcely angular." ( Doubleday, 1. c.) 



The colouration of the Indian species of Jiinonia shows great variety, grey, brown, 

 blue, yellow and ochreous being the predominating colour of the upperside in different 

 species. There is also much variation in the outline of the hindwing, in some species the 

 third median nervule is produced into a short tail, as is also the anal angle, while in others 

 the hindwing is nearly evenly rounded. In India the species occur everywhere up to 

 about 7,000 feet, and are generally numerous in individuals. " The genus is of considerable 

 extent and of wide distribution. It is found in the warmer parts of America, the tropical 

 and subtropical portions of Africa (including Madagascar), Asia, eastwards from Continental 

 India, throughout the Malay archipelago, and onwards amongst the Islands of the Pacific ; 

 it is also represented in Australia. Probably a little over twenty species are known, and 

 though more have been described they are now generally considered as of a varietal 

 character only." (Distant, 1. c.) They have a rapid flight, but seldom go far before settling, 

 which they do with expanded wings often on the bare ground, frequently on flowers, y. hierta 

 and y. orithyia delight in the stony beds of dried-up streams in the hills ; in the plains they 

 chiefly frequent fields and gardens. The sexes are very slightly differentiated. 



Ee7 to the Indian species of Junonia. 



A. Upperside w.irm ochraceous, with a large ocellus on hindwing, and two smaller ones on forewing. 



a. Underside with prominent ocelli, forewing slightly truncate. 



344. J. ASTERIE, India, Ceylon, Burma, Java, China. 



h. Underside with the ocelli obsolete, forewing highly truncate. 



345. J. ALMANA, India, Burma, Java, China. 



B. Upperside grey, with brown lines and a discal series of ocellated spots. 



346. J. ATLITES, India, Ceylon, Nicobars, Malayana, China. 



C. Upperside brown, the ocellus on hindwing smaller, and with numerous ochreous spots on the forewing. 



347. J- LEMONIAS, India, Malayana, China. 



D. Upperside dark brown, with clear golden bro.vn markings. 



348. J. HOPPFERi, Sylhet. 



E. Upperside black with large patches of blue or bright yellow. 



a, Discal area of both wings yellow, with a large bright blue spot on upperside of hindwing. 



349- J. HIERTA, India, Ceylon, Andamans, Burma, China. 



b. Discal area of hindwing and a patch at anal angle of forewing deep blue. 



350. J. ORiTHViA, India, Ceylon, Burma, China. 



The genus is divisible into several sections differing in the outline of the wing and the 

 geographical range of the species. 



The first group represented by y. asterie and y. almana has the outline almost as in 

 Precis iphita, the forewing usually highly falcate, and also somewhat produced at the extremity 

 of the third median nervule, and the hindwing prominently tailed at the anal angle, and less 



