NYMPHALID^. NYMPHALIN^, JUNONIA. 67 



prominently at the extremity of the third median nervule. Its range is throughout the plains 

 and hill districts up to 7,000 feet elevation, but it is most abundant in the moist districts, and 

 rare in the desert tracts. 



The second group represented by J. ailites hdiS the fore wing less falcate, and the hind- 

 wing evenly rounded and sinuated on the outer margin, tailed at the anal angle. Its range is 

 restricted to the regions of considerable rainfall, in the plains and warm valleys. It seldom 

 ascends the hills to any considerable elevation, being most abundant in the Terais, and altogether 

 absent from the dry plains and desert tracts. 



The third group represented by y. lemonias has the hindwing more prominently tailed at the 

 third median nervule than at the anal angle, giving the wing a quadrate outline, the forewing 

 as in the second group. Its range is more extended in the hills, reaching 7,000 feet elevation 

 in the Western Himalayas, but more restricted in the plains, it being almost entirely absent 

 from the plains of North India except in Bengal. 



The fourth group represented by % hierta and J. orithyia has the outline similar to that of 

 the second group, but the margin less sinuated in both wings, and less falcate in the forewing ; 

 the anal angle of hindwing not produced into a tail. Its range is the widest of all, extending in 

 the hills to greater elevations than any of the others, and in the plains it is even more abundant 

 in the desert tracts of the Punjab than it is in the moist plains of Bengal, and wherever found 

 it frequents dry spots and bright sunshine, 



344- Junonia asteriO, Linnaeus. 



Papilio asterie, Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 472, n. 90 (1758) ; idem, id., ed. xii, p. 769,0. 133(1767) ;id., 

 Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 490, n. 205 (1775) ; idem, id., Spec. Ins , vol. ii, p. 69, n. 312 (1781) ; idem, id., Mant. 

 Ins., vol. ii, p. 34, n. 363 (1787) ; idem, id., Ent. Syst. Nat., vol. iii, pt, i, p. 89, n. 279 (1793) ; id., Cramer, Pap. 

 Ex., vol. i, pi. Iviii , figs. D, E (1775) ; id., Herbst, Naturs. Schmett., vol. vii, p. 131, n. 42, pi. clx.xii, figs- 

 Si 4 (1794) ; Alcyoneis asterie, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett , p. 35, n. 292 (1816) ; Vanessa asterie, Godart, 

 Enc Meth., vol. ix, p. 321, n. 58 (1S19) ; Junonia asterie, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C, vol i, 

 p. 142, n. 287, pi. V, figs. 6, larva ; ta, puj>a (1857) ; id., Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 43, pi. xxii, fig. 2 (18S1) ; 

 id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 94, n. 2, pi. xi, figs, i, female; 2, female (18S2) ; /. asterie, var. nikotarieiisis, 

 Felder, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. xii, p. 482, n. no ; J. asterie, var. javana, idem, id., p. 4S7, n. 136 

 (1S62) •,J. astericB, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 761 ; Papilio almana, Clerck, Icones Ins., vol. iii 

 (ined.), pi. v, fig. 3 (1764) ; id., Linnaeus, Mus. Ulr., p. 272, n. 91 (1764). 



Habitat : India, Ceylon, Andaman and Nicobar Isles, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Siam, 

 Malay archipelago, Formosa, Japan, North China. 



Expanse : rgo to 2-55 inches. 



Description : " Male and female. Upperside warm ochraceous, with the basal areas 

 of 3^//5 ?£//«fj slightly infuscated, and with the following markings •.—forewing with the costal 

 area pale fuscous, and with an irregular fascia denoted by black margins crossing the middle of 

 the cell, and a similar one with its internal area infuscated at end of the cell ; this is followed 

 by a somewhat similar but darker fascia, which terminates at base of the third median nervule 

 between which and apex is a subtriangular black patch, more or less enclosing two ocellated spots 

 [the upper smaller and sometimes obsolete] divided by the upper discoidal nervule ; a large 

 ocellated spot placed on the middle of the second and first median nervules, with a white centre 

 and black outer margin; and a marginal and two submarginal black lines, the inner one of which 

 is generally the palest, and the spaces between which are usually more or less infuscated. 

 Hindwing with a very large ocellated spot, purplish with two whitish inner spots, an outer 

 black patch and yellow and black margins, the upper surface of which rests on the first sub- 

 costal nervule, and its posterior margin is situated between the discoidal and third median 

 nervules ; and a smaller one between the second and first median nervules, in some specimens 

 the latter is practically obsolete ; marginal and submarginal lines as on the forewing, but the 

 inner one darkest. Underside pale obscure ochraceous ; the three basal costal fascice as on 

 the upperside of the forewing, but their internal areas not infuscated, and the outer margin of 

 the third continued in an oblique line across both wings, terminating near the anal an"le of 

 the hindwing. this line being inwardly and broadly margined with white ; a slender, fuscous, 

 irregularly rounded line at the base of the hindwing crossing the cell ; ocellated spots as above 



