74 NYMPIIALID^, NYMPHALIN^. JUNONIA. 



Description : " Male. Upperside, forewing dark blue-black from base to the disc, 

 outer area fuliginous-black ; a purple-tinted ochreous-white short oblique subapical band, 

 and two transverse submarginal narrow lunular fascise ; on the inner fascia are two small 

 red-ringed ocelli, below which the posterior angle is tinged with blue ; costal edge ochreous- 

 white. Hinthving blue, suffused with purple ; a black basal angular patch curving across 

 the cell towards the anal angle, and merging into brown on the abdominal margin ; 

 two ocelli near the outer margin, the lower one red and ringed with black, the upper 

 one almost black and blind ; two pale-bordered marginal lines. Underside dull ochreous. 

 Fornvtng with three transverse basal ochreous-red bands bordered with black ; a discal 

 sinuous black fascia and pale outer lunular fasciae ; ocelli less distinct. Hindwing with 

 narrow brown transverse sinuous lines and a brownish discal fascia ; ocelli very pale and 

 indistinct. Female differs on the upperside in having the basal half of the hindiving entirely 

 black, both the ocelli being large and of a bright red." 



" Larva dark purple-brown, each segment with short branched spines, two lateral rows 

 of small yellow spots. Feeds on Acanthads. Pupa ochreous, speckled and lined with dark 

 brown." (y7/^£i;r, 1. c. in Lep. Cey.) Surgeon-Major Forsayeth describes the transformations 

 of this species somewhat more fully :— " Larva found on a small labiate herb. Head and 

 body of a very dark shining black, shading into brown when seen by reflected light. Head 

 on a short neck, latter of an orange colour for a short distance ; caudal extremity also tipped 

 with orange. Body covered with perpendicular spines armed with strong radial hairs, 

 which, however, have no irritating effect on the human skin. Head bifurcated ; reddish 

 spot in centre of face ; a small spinous process on each upper angle of eye. Legs 6, 8, 2. 

 Pupa suspended by tail ; naked ; wing-covers of a muddy yellow ; rest of body of a purplish 

 colour, variegated by lines of a dull creamy white. Slight projections of an angular nature 

 along abdomen." 



In Ceylon this species is "found at all times in the Western and Central Provinces, 

 both in the plains and up to 3,000 feet in cultivated and open waste ground. Flight 

 rather quick, settles on the ground and seems partial to hot, dusty and sandy spots" 

 {Hutchison'). " Occurs everywhere, but plentiful only from 2,000 to 4,000 feet, its favourite 

 resort being the Patenas, and particularly on the pathways or bare places in them" (^Mack- 

 wood), "Taken at Kandy and Galle" {fVade). " Observed in the Himalayas. Partial to 

 bare, dry grass-land. To be seen in the hottest hot winds, and in the bleak wintery 

 weather pitched on the grass, flitting quickly away and pitching again after a short circuit. 

 Larva reared on Antirrhimim oroiUiiiin" (Colonel A. M. Lang, Proc- Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, 

 p. 494). Colonel Swinhoe records it from Quetta. 



The specimens from Upper Burma, Cachar and Assam are richly marked on the 

 underside, and are almost identical with the typical J. orithyia from China, which Mr. Butler has 

 already shown in the Ann. and Mag, of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. xvi, p. 308, n. 60 (1885) 

 to extend to Siam ; the western form with the pale, slightly marked underside, has been 

 separated as a distinct local race as J. sioinhoei, * {Butler, 1 c). This variety is fairly constant 

 throughout the dry tracts in the west and north-west, and also in the Western Himalayas, 

 but there is no line of demarcation, and the two forms gradually merge into each other ; 

 specimens from Ceylon and Travancore are nearly as richly marked as those from Cachar ; 

 those from Sikkim and Bhutan, and also from the Western Ghats are less richly marked ; 

 and those from the plains of Bengal and the Coromandel coast still less so ; the differences 

 as in all parallel cases following the tropical distribution of the rainfall, the colours being 

 most intense where the rainfall is heaviest. 



Another local race, which is probably the y. ocyale of HUbner, occurs in Java and 

 Sumatra, of which there are two specimens in the Indian Museum ; both are females, the one 

 from Sumatra [Raffles) has the two ochreous bands in the cell of the forewing on the upperside 

 very prominent, and with slight traces of blue on the hindwing on the disc ; the other from 



* Junonia swinhoei, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. .\vi,p. 308, n. 60 (1885). Habitat • 

 Mhow, Foona. Description: '• Decidedly paler on the undersidh than the Chinese insect [7. orzMjia], the 

 pale markincs on the apical area of the fo'eiuiiig on the ui'I'eksidr quite white. It is uniformly smaller 

 [than J orithyia]., and the blue areas upou the wings are less tinged wuh green." 



