126 NYMPIIALID^. NYMI'lIALIN^. IIVPOLIMNAS. 



I pppend descriptions of these species for reference, also of D. auomald* to which they are 

 both evidently very closely allied. 



420. Kypolimnas misippus, Linnreus. (Plate XX, Fig, 85 $, ? I. Form). 



Pa/>ilio }ftisi/>pjis, Linnaeus, Mus. Ulr., p. 264, n. 83 (1764) ; idem, id., Syst. Nat., ed. xii, vol. t, pt. 2, p. 767, 

 n. 118 (1767) ; DiadeiHci misippus, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 280, n. 2 ; id., Trimen, Trans. Ent! 

 Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 356 ; Afatura mtsippHS, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 59, pi. xxix. figs, i, male; 

 \b, female I form; ia, female II for}n\ ic, Injva and /«/a (i88i) ; Hypolimnas misippus, Kirby, Syn. Cat. 

 Diurn. Lep., p. 225, n. 2 (1871); id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 167, n. 3, pi. xii, figs. 9, 11, male; pi. xv, fig. 11, 

 female I form (iSSj,) ; id., Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1S84, p. 481, n. 3; Danais misippe, Godart, Enc. 

 M^th.ivol. ix, p. 1S8, n. 40 (1819); Nympkalis misippe, idem, id., p. 394, n. 153(1823); Papilio bolina, 

 Drury (nee Linnaeus), 111. Ex. Ent., vol. i,pl. xiv, figs, i, 2, male (1770) ; id., Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. i, pi. Ixv, figs. 

 E, F, male (1775) ; Diadema bolina, Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 153, n. 91 (1862) ; Papilio diocippus, Cramer, 

 Pap. Ei., vol. i, pi. xxviii, figs. B, C, female I form (1775) ; id., Fabricius, Ent. Syst., vol. iii, pt. i, p. 51, n. 158 

 (1793); Euplcea dioxippe, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 151 n. 83 (1816) ; Papilio inaria, Cramer, Pap. Ex., 

 vol. iii, pi. cciiv, figs. A, B,_/^>«a/i? //y&rw (1779); Papilio chrysippiis, Sulzer, Gesch. Ins., p. 144, pi. xvi, 

 fig- 3 (1776)- 



Habitat : America (Florida), Cuba, Antigua, Trinidad, Africa, Madagascar, Aden, 

 throughout India up to 6,000 feet in the Himalayas, Ceylon, Andamans (Doherty'), Nicobars, 

 Burma, Slam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Borneo, Lombock, Timor, Formosa. 

 Expanse: ^, 2*45 to 3'3o ; ?, 2*85 to 3 90 inches. 



Description: "Male. (Jpperside very dark indigo-blue. Foreiuing w'xih. an oblong 

 subapical white spot divided by the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules ; a large elongated white 

 spot on disc passing [beyond] ape.\ of cell, commencing beneath subcostal nervure and terminat- 

 ing between the second and first median nervules. Hindwing with a large irregularly rounded 

 discal white spot, commencing on lower half of cell and bounded by the first subcostal and 

 the first median nervules ; these spots on both wings are surrounded by bright but evanescent 



* Hypolimnas anomala, Wallace. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 285. n. 15; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., 

 p. 169 (1883). H,\bitat: Malacca, Java. Expanse: not given. Dkscriftion : " Malh. Form of O, 

 [ = //.] a«///o/>f, rather smaller. Uhperside bronzy or olive-brown, with a blue gloss on the costal and outer margins 

 of \k\e:foreiving. and the outer part of the kindwing paler. A row of white round spots parallel to the outer 

 margin as \n D. antilope, but larger and more distinct; a band of three white or bluish-white marks, some- 

 times very indistinct, across the forewing- beyond the middle ; marginal and submarginal spots as in D. 

 aittiiope. Underside olive-brown, spots and markings as above, with one additional white spot on the 

 costal m.irgin. Female Upperside rich purple-brown, the whole surface of the forewing, except the basal 

 third, richly glossed with satiny blue, a transverse band of three bluish elongate spots beyond the cell, and 

 a fourth much smaller ; the two white spots of the intra-marginal band nearest the costa large and confluent, while 

 those nearest the anal angle are small and indi>tinct Underside as in the male " 



"■ Diadema \ = Hypolimnas\ anom.ila oSer^ the most remarkable case known among butterflies of a reversal 

 of the usual sexual colouring, the males being always dull brown, the females tjlossed with rich blue. The 

 reason for this exception to the ordinary rule is, I believe, to be found in the fact that the brilliant blue gloss 

 causes the fem<le to resemble or mimic the Euplcea midamus, one of the very commonest butterflies of the East, 

 and one that belongs to the pre-eminently protected group of the Danaidce. The two insects frequent the 

 same places, and the rescmtlance on the wing was such as to deceive myself, and it is perhaps owing to this 

 cause that I captured so few specimens of this interesting butterfly Th^it protection which female insects 

 usually obtain by being less brilliant and conspicuous than the males, is here given by exactly opposite means; 

 a remarkable proof, as it appears to me, that female butterflies would be more generally brilliant than they 

 are, were not their variations in this direction checked, and eliminated by the danger they incur through it. 

 It may be ob.served, that in the allied species Diadema antilope, the female resembles Etifilcea climena (a 

 common species in the countries it inh.ibits) much more than the male does. It also closely resembles 

 /^/ywwai evV^/Z/a, a species which has long figured in our lists as a Diadema; and there is reason to believe 

 that the Eurytelidie, to which Elymnias belongs, are themselves a protected group, though perhaps not so 

 perfectly so as the Daiiaidce." (IVallace, I. c.) 



Hypolimnas ■walltccana, Butler, Cist. Ent.. vol. i, p. 157, n. 15 (1873). Habitat: India? Expanse: 

 3*33 inches Dbschiption: "Maie. Allied to j9. antilope a.n<X D. albula; but still more like D. anomala, 

 from which it differs in the absence of any blue gloss above, in the presence of three white streaks placed 

 obliquely beyond the discoidal cell of {.he forewing, and in the larger discal spots towards the costa of the 

 same wing Underside (in addition to the above distinctions! the submarginal s^ots oi the foreivi?ig arc 

 more evident, and the whitish streaks beyond the cell of the himhving are wanting " 



"Mimics Euphra kiubergi of Wallengren ; and was supposed by Mr Wallace to be the male of D, 

 anomtxla ; the latter species, however, is nearly alike in both sexes, as evidenced by examples from Borneo 

 now in the collection ; and, were it not so, no advantage could accrue to the female over the male from the 

 blue spot of the forewing since the supposed male is equally well protected in its brown dress by its resemblance 

 to another species of Euploea. " (Butler, I.e.) 



Hypo/i/nnas interstincta, Butler, Cist. Ent-, vol. i, p. 157, n. 16 (1873). Habitat: Assam {IVark- 

 ■wick). Expanse: Male, 3*5 inches. Description: "Male Allied to D. luallaceana and to D. anomala, 

 from which it diflers in the absence of the blue shot on the uppersidk of the y^j/rfc///^, and the presence of 

 a creamy discal band in the /i/«(/z(i/«^, interrupted by the nervures and intcrnervular folds Underside only 

 differs in the greater length of the whitish streaks towards the abdominal area of the hitwiviiig. 



" This species was considered by Mr. Wallace to be a variety of the male of D anomala ; it is, however, 

 clearly distinct, and is a mimic probably of the female of EitptiXa akathui', " (Butler, I.e.) 



