NYMrilALID^. NYMniALIN^. CALINAGA. 143 



with that of the latter genus." As the forelegs of Calinaga are completely pectoral and 

 unfitted for walking, the proper position of the genus is among the Nytnphalida:, though a 

 knowledge of its transformation is necessary for determining its exact position in that family. 



The genus Calinaga is of very small extent ; three species have been described, but the 

 describer of one of them aftei wards considered that it was synonymic with one of the other 

 two, and so far as I can ascertain at present there is but a single species. All the forms 

 described " occur in the central plateau of Asia and upon the southern and eastern slopes 

 of this plateau." They are smoky-black insects with whitish spots and streaks, the thorax 

 in front thickly clothed with long ferruginous hairs, the abdomen leathery and somewhat 

 like that of a Danais or Euplxa, being also bare of hairs. The antennae are very short, and 

 the texture of the wings papery, somewhat like those of Hestia or Parnassius (a genus of 

 Papilioninte). The species are exceedingly rare and are probably mimetic. 



435. Calinaga Tjuddha, Moore. (Frontispiece, Fig. 122 <?). 



C. hjiddha, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C, vol. i, p. 163, n. 336, pi. iiia, fig. 7 (1857) ; 

 /'rtr«aM/?« (te'/rt'/J, Oberthiir, Etudes d' Ent., vol. iv, p. 108, n. 17 (1879); Calinaga. buddha, idem, id., 

 vol. vi, p. II, n. i, pi. viii, fig. 6, male (1881) ; C. brahma, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth serie.s, 

 vol. xvi, p 309, n. 63(1885). 



Habitat : Himalayas, Assam, Eastern Thibet, 



Expanse : 3'5 to 3'9 inches. 



Description : " Upperside smoky-brown. Foreiving with a submarginal row of 

 rounded creamy-white spots ; also a parallel row of irregular-shaped longitudinal whitish 

 streaks from costal margin, widening to posterior margin ; space within discoidal cell whitish, 

 divided transversely in the middle by a blackish bar. Hindwing with a submarginal 

 row of white oval spots ; another row from anterior margin narrowing towards anal angle ; 

 interior of discoidal cell and abdominal margin broadly whitish, the latter tinged at the 

 anal angle with ochreous. Thorax ferruginous. Abdomen black. Underside : Forewinq 

 as on the upperside, but the markings less defined ; [the apex broadly dull ochreous], 

 Hinajving dull ochreous, paler at the base and on abdominal margin ; whitish markings 

 rather indistinct ; sides of thorax ferruginous." ( Moore, I.e.) The female appears to be 

 like the male, as Mr. Butler in describing C. brahma states that he possesses a female, but 

 gives no separate description of it. 



C. bnddha is decidedly a rare species. In the collections of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 

 Major Marshall and M. Oberthiir are specimens from Sikkim, and Mr. A. Graham Young 

 writes to me as follows regarding his experiences of it in the Western Himalayas: "Five 

 specimens, Kujiah near Dalhousie, 6,000 feet, May, 1867 ; one specimen, Kulu, 3,600 feet, 

 March, 1871 ; one specimen, Kulu, 3,500 feet, March, 1872; and one specimen, Kulu, 3.700 

 feet, May, 1885. In July, 1872, I saw three in Kulu at 4,500 feet flying together ; and on three 

 different dates in May, 1885, I saw three more specimens." From the above it will be noticed 

 that C. bnddha occurs in Kulu from March to July. The single male specimen he has sent 

 me agrees very closely in outline and markings with Mr. Moore's original figure and description. 



The type specimen, judging from the figure of it, has the apex of the forewing rounded, and 

 the outer margin of the hindwing evenly rounded also, which characters are noticeable in the 

 specimen from Mou-Pin figured by M. Oberthiir. The Indian examples, however, that 

 I have seen have the outer margin of the forewing somewhat emarginate, that margin of the 

 hindwing angled at the apex and third median nervule, giving it two nearly straight edges, 

 these characters being less pronounced in the Kulu example. It was these differences and 

 also some others in the details of colouration and markings which led M. Oberthiir to 

 describe the Mou-Pin form as a distinct species, but he afterwards received an intermediate 

 specimen from Kouy-Tcheou, which convinced hiin that there is but a single somewhat 

 variable species of the genus. 



The form which Mr. Butler has very recently described from "near Assam" agrees very 

 minutely with our four Sikkim male specimens, which differ from the North Indian type form 

 collected by Colonel Buckley (probably at Masuri) described by Mr. Moore, and from my 



