154 NYMPIIALID^. NYMPHALIN^. LIMENITIS. 



Tlie next five genera Liinemtis, Athyma, Ahrola, Symphadra and Euthalia are very closely 

 allied ; the neuration of the wings is practically identical, and the small divergencies that are 

 exhibited are in some cases wider among species of the same genus than between the different 

 genera taken as a whole. The outline of the wings, too, the robustness of the body and 

 the length of the antennre, though typically distinct in each, vary within as well as between 

 the different genera. With the perfect insect alone the outline of the wings taken in conjunction 

 with the style of markings is sufficient with a little practice to identify the genus of any 

 insect of this group, but until the life-history of each is known the divisions of this group 

 into genera must be considered as tentative ; so far as is known, the caterpillar of 

 Athyma is distinct from but closely allied to that of Limenitis, the caterpillar of Ahrola is 

 unknown, and the caterpillar of SymphcBdra is widely distinct from that of Limenitis and 

 closely allied to that of Euthalia. 



In Limenitis all the Indian species have a broad discal band, generally white and almost 

 always prominent, extending from the costa of the forewing to the submedian nervure of 

 the hindwing near the anal angle. In L. danava, the only Indian species in which this 

 band is obsolescent (in the male only, it is prominent in the female) the elongated forewing and 

 comparatively straight costa distinguish it as a Limenitis. In L. aiistenia the band is very similar 

 in character in both sexes to that in the male of Z. danava, but is a little more prominent. 



In Athyma the markings are typically white and sometimes tawny, being in form 

 and colour as in A^eptis, but in some species the discal band only is prominent ; the body 

 is almost always barred with white ; the discal band reaches the submedian nervure of 

 the hindwing near its base, its outer edge never being beyond the origin of the second 

 median nervule, while in Limenitis the inner edge of this band is close to the origin of the 

 second median nervule, the outer being far beyond it. In outline Athytna has the 

 forewing less elongated and the costa more arched than in most of the species of Limenitis. 



la Abrota the markings are much as in Athyma, but the outline is more like that of Enthalia ; 

 the markings are tawny on a black ground, but in the male the tawny markings are much 

 wider and more diffused than in any of the tawny species of Athyma. 



In Symphadra the markings present several distinct types ; this genus consists of a few 

 species differing widely from each other, and there appears to be no more reason for grouping 

 them together than there is for uniting them one and all to Euthalia. So far as the perfect insect 

 is concerned there is no character, structural or otherwise, by which the genus as a whole can 

 be separated. Seven species ar€ represented within our limits, two of which are closely allied 

 Qeuta and teutoides) if not inseparable, and are marked as in Livienitis but shaped like 

 Euthalia ; a third is allied to these, but has the discal band on the forewing more even, and a 

 fourth has this band reduced to five spots only on the forewing, and entirely absent on the 

 hindwing ; the remaining three present two distinct types of markings unlike each other and 

 unlike anything else in the group. 



In Euthalia the markings are of several distinct types ; a few species are marked some- 

 what as in Limenitis, and are very similar in general aspect to both L. dudu and .S". teuta ; 

 the others present two dominant types, in one of which the body is very stout, the apex of 



arched, the rest of it nearly straight ; exterior margin somewhat rounded, scalloped ; alidoniinal margin 

 grooved, about the same length as the anterior. Prtecostal nervure curved outwardly ; costal nervure arched 

 to about the middle, and then straight to the apex ; subcostal nervure breaking off nearly straight, opposite the 

 junction of the pracostal ; upper disco-cellular fiervitle straight, oblique, arising a little beyond the subcostal ; 

 lo7ver disco-cellular obsolete ; discoidal cell open. Forelegs, very small, with fine silky hairs ; femur rather 

 longer than the tibia, ta'sus half the length of the tibia, simple." 



" This genus is somewhat allied to Limenitis and Heterochroa" [an American genus]. (Moore, 1. c.) 

 Pandita sinope, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C, vol. i, p. 182, n. 371, pi. via, fig. 3 

 (1857); id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 146, n. i, pi. xii, fig. i3,yi'Wfl:/£' (1883). Habitat: Penang, Province 

 Wellesley, Malacca, Singapore, Banca, Java. Expanse : 20 to 2'2 inches. Description : " Upperside bright 

 fulvous. y^/r^TOzV/^ with the costal margin and basal half of wing golden-brown; exterior margin, submarginal 

 line, a pale inner parallel line, also a rather broad zigzag band, curving outwards across the disc from the apical 

 third of the costal margin to inner margin near angle, and transverse markings within and below discoidal cell, 

 black. Hindwing with the base golden-brown ; abdominal margin plain dull brown ; a broad exterior marginal 

 band, a submarginal line, an inner broad band, also a rather zigzag ill-defined band across the disc, and markings 

 about the discoidal cell, black, the black colour being darkest on the submarginal lines and discoidal markings. 

 Undrrsidb paler fulvous, the markings the same as on the upperside, but very indistinct ; body and abdominal 

 margin grey. 6Vv« alike." {Moore, I. c.) 



