1S6 NYMPIIALID^. NYMPHALIN/E, LIMENITIS. 



tarsus, the second, third, and fourth gradually shortening, each with a pair of short spines 

 at the tip, on the lower side, the terminal joint very small, with two very short straight spines. 

 Middle and hindlegs, moderately long and robust, scaly ; funur hairy beneath ; tibia 

 of equal length with the femur, with strong spines beneath (except at the basal one-third) 

 and at the tip, tibial spurs strong ; tarsus equal to the tibia in length and thickness, with 

 four rows of spines beneath ; claios rather large, but not so long as the terminal setce of the 

 tarsus, strongly curved, and very acute ; paronychia bifid, setose, nearly as long as the claws j 

 fulvillus short." 



•' Larva, subcylindrical, narrowed behind, v/ith setose tubercles on the sides of the body, 

 and with several pairs of elongated, obtuse, hairy spines on the back, those towards the head 

 being the longest. Pupa, suspended by the tail, head-case beaked or bifid, gibbose on the 

 back of the thorax." ( Westwood, 1, c.) 



The genus Limenitis contains about thirty species, and occurs in North America, Europe, 

 and almost throughout Asia } no species, however, has been described from the Southern 

 Hemisphere. The Indian species are very varied in colouration, but all of them have a 

 broad band of a lighter colour than the ground across the upperside of both wings, white in 

 most species. They are very beautiful insects on the wing, almost always found in forests 

 or amongst trees ; they have a particularly graceful sailing flight, and settle on leaves with 

 fully expanded wings. The well-known European *' White Admiral" (L. sibylla) has three 

 or four closely-allied forms occurring in the Western Himalayas ; several very beautiful species 

 occur in Sikkim and eastwards, while L. procris is met with throughout Eastern and Southern 

 India, the Malay Peninsula and in Java, having allied forms in Ceylon and the Andamans. 

 Z. procris and its allies have been separated by Mr. Moore under the generic name of 

 *^ Moduza." All the species of true Limenitis occurring within Indian limits are confined to 

 the hilly regions of Northern and North-Eastern India ; one species, L. daraxa, extending 

 as far south as Upper Tenasserim. 



Eey to the Indian species of Limenitis. 



A. Discoidal cell of both wings dosed. 



a. Lower disco-cellular nervule of hindwing joining the median nervure immediately before the 

 point where the second median nervule is given off. Colouration brown, forewing with a 

 prominent discal series of dark brown sagittate markings narrowly defined with white. 



445. L. AUSTENIA, Cachar, Khasi Hills. 



b Lower disco-cellular nervule of hindwing extremely slender, joining the median nervure exactly 

 midway between the points where the first and second median nervules are given off. 



a'. Colouration brown, the outer half crossed by paler (brown in the male, white in 

 the female) bands, no sagittate markings on forewing, 



446. L. DANAVA, Himalayas, Assam. 



f '. Colouration fuscous, both wings crossed by a pale green discal band, macular 

 and directed towards the apex in the forewing. 



447. L. DARAXA, N,-E. India, Upper Tenasserim. 

 B. Discoidal cell of hindwing open. 



a. Lower disco-cellular nervule of forewing nearly straight, joining the median nervure at the 

 point where the second median nervule is given off. 



«', With the discal band straight or nearly so on the forewing. 



a^. The discal band rich ochreous on the forewing, white on the hindwing. 



448. L, ZAVLA, Sikkim, Assam, Sylhet. 

 b^. The discal band white on both wings. 



a^. With a prominent ferruginous submarginal line on both wings. 



449. L. ZULBMA, Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam. 



b^. No ferruginous submarginal line on forewing. 



450. L. DUDU, Sikkim, Assam, Sylhet. 



*'. With the white discal band more or less macular, oblique from the costa to 

 the third median nervule. 



451. L. TRIVENA, Simla, Kulu, Chumba, Murree, Pangi, Kashmir, Astor^ 



Gilgit, Turkestan. 



